Llangefni, Isle of Anglesey, Wales, UK 作者：  来源：  发布时间：2021-09-17

I. Population and Area

Continent: Europe

Country: The U.K

State/Province: Wales

City/Town: Llangefni, Isle of Anglesey

Total Area: 276 (Isle of Anglesey) (sq mi)

Population in 2011: 5.12 (thousand）

II. Natural Geography (environment and resources)

Location

The town is near the centre of Anglesey, and is on the River Cefni, after which it is named. Its attractions include the Oriel Ynys Môn museum, which details the history of Anglesey and houses the legacy collection of Charles Tunnicliffe. In the west of the town is a large secondary school, Ysgol Gyfun Llangefni (Llangefni Comprehensive School), and in the north a Victorian parish church, St Cyngar's, set in a wooded riverside location called the Dingle. The town was formerly named Llangyngar, Welsh for "St Cyngar's church".

Commerce, transport and education

Llangefni is a commercial and farming town in Anglesey and once hosted the largest cattle market on the island. There is a relatively large industrial estate, which includes a large chicken processing plant, the largest single industrial operation in the town, as well as several other small businesses.

The town had a station on the Anglesey Central Railway line which opened in 1864. It closed in 1964, although goods trains continued to pass through the town until 1993. Although no longer used, the railway tracks have not been removed. The nearest station is now at Llanfairpwllgwyngyll, 5 miles (8 km) away as the crow flies. There are frequent buses to the larger settlements of Bangor and Holyhead as well as to the smaller towns of Amlwch and Beaumaris. By road the town is just 2 kilometres from the major A55 and A5 roads, via the short A5114. Water for the town comes from Llyn Cefni, a reservoir 1.5 miles (2.4 km) to the northwest.

Llangefni hosted the National Eisteddfod in 1957 and 1983, and in 1999 gave its name to the Eisteddfod held at the nearby village of Llanbedrgoch. It also hosted the Urdd Eisteddfod (youth Eisteddfod) in 2004. The town also has a college, Coleg Menai (Llangefni site).

Geography

Anglesey is a relatively low-lying island, with low hills spaced evenly over the north of the island. The highest six are Holyhead Mountain, 220 metres (720 ft); Mynydd Bodafon, 178 metres (584 ft); Mynydd Llaneilian, 177 metres (581 ft); Mynydd y Garn, 170 metres (560 ft); Bwrdd Arthur, 164 metres (538 ft); and Mynydd Llwydiarth, 158 metres (518 ft). To the south and south-east, the island is separated from the Welsh mainland by the Menai Strait, which at its narrowest point is about 250 metres (270 yd) wide. In all other directions the island is surrounded by the Irish Sea. At 714 km2, it is the 52nd largest island of Europe, and just five square kilometres smaller than Singapore.

III. Economy

According to Eurostat figures there are huge regional disparities in the UK with GDP per capita ranging from €15,000 in West Wales to €179,800 in Inner-London West. There are 26 areas in the UK where the GDP per person is under €20,000.

These areas are the following:

·4.5 million (8.5% of English) live in these deprived English districts. 11 of these deprived regions in England: Durham, Northumberland, Greater Manchester North, Blackpool, Sefton, Wirral, Barnsley Doncaster Rotherham, South Nottinghamshire, Dudley, Outer London – East North East, Torbay

·1.4 million (45% of Welsh) live in these deprived Welsh districts. 6 of these deprived regions in Wales: Isle of Anglesey, Conwy & Denbighshire, South West Wales, Central Valleys, Gwent Valley, Powys

·1.1 million (20% of Scottish) live in these deprived Scottish districts. 5 of these deprived regions in Scotland: Clackmannshire & Fife, East & Mid Lothian, East & West Dumbartonshire, East & North Ayrshire, Caithness Sutherland & Ross,

·1.1 million (60% of Northern Irish) live in these deprived Northern Irish districts.3 of these in Northern Ireland: Outer Belfast, North of Northern Ireland, West & South of Northern Ireland.

Comparison with Ireland

In Wales, GDP per capita varies from €15,100 in Isle of Anglesey to €30,400 in Cardiff.

When compared to the Republic Of Ireland, GDP per capita ranges from €16,980 in the Irish Midlands to €57,200 in Dublin.

IV. Industrial Characterisitics

Major industries:

Tourism is now the major economic activity on the island. Agriculture provides the secondary source of income for the economy, with local dairies being some of the most productive in the region.

Major industry is restricted to Holyhead (Caergybi), which until 30 September 2009 supported an aluminium smelter, and the Amlwch area, once a copper mining town. Nearby is the site of the former Wylfa Nuclear Power Station and a former bromine extraction plant. With construction starting in 1963, the two Wylfa reactors began producing electricity in 1971. One reactor was decommissioned in 2012 and the other in 2015. Plans were developed for a replacement reactor, planned by Horizon, a subsidiary of Hitachi, to start production in the 2020s. The replacement has been enthusiastically endorsed by Anglesey Council and Welsh Assembly members, but protesters have raised doubts about the economic and safety claims made for the plant, and in January 2019 Hitachi announced it was putting development work on hold, which meant the plant's future was put in serious doubt.

Anglesey has three wind farms on land. There were plans for the installation of tidal flow turbines, near The Skerries, off the north coast, and for a major biomass plant on Holy Island (Ynys Gybi). Developing such low-carbon energy assets to their full potential forms part of the Anglesey Energy Island project.

When the aluminium smelter closed in September 2009, it reduced its workforce from 450 to 80; this has been a major blow to the island's economy, especially to Holyhead. The Royal Air Force station RAF Valley (Y Fali) is home to the RAF Fast Jet Training School and 22 Sqn Search and Rescue Helicopters, both units providing employment to about 500 civilians. RAF Valley is now the 22 Sqn Search and Rescue headquarters.

There is a wide range of smaller industries, mostly in industrial and business parks, especially at Llangefni and Gaerwen. These include an abattoir, fine chemical manufacturing, and factories for timber production, aluminium smelting, fish farming and food processing. The island is on one of the main road routes from Britain to Ireland, via ferries from Holyhead, off the west of Anglesey on Holy Island, serving Dún Laoghaire and Dublin Port.

Major projects and related introductions:

Legacy Framework

Over the next few years, the Isle of Anglesey is expected to host a series of major projects, which are likely to create a number of positive benefits for, as well as have negative impacts on Anglesey for a number of years.

To reflect its commitment to responsible and proactive community leadership, the County Council expects all major projects to deliver a positive ‘legacy’ for Anglesey with the development, construction and operation of these major projects contributing to the well-being and long-term future of the Island and its communities.

This Legacy Framework has been prepared to outline to developers the County Council’s aspirations of their respective major projects. It aims to provide a thematic representation of what the Island could look like in 2025 if our long-term aspirations, and those of partners, are realised and achieved.

The Framework is intended to be used to engage with, and influence developers, to ensure they recognise and integrate the need for meaningful legacy benefits into the development, construction and operation of their projects.

Reference Website:

https://www.anglesey.gov.uk/en/Business/Energy-Island%E2%84%A2-Isle-of-Anglesey-North-Wales/Legacy-Framework.aspx

V. Attractions

1. GreenWood Family Park：

A fantastic family outdoor adventure awaits at GreenWood Family Park… packed full of quirky thrill rides, activities, playground areas and much more - your little adventurers won’t leave disappointed!

 For thrill-seekers, there’s plenty of excitement and fantastic rides, from zooming down the longest sledge run in Wales to soaring high on the world’s first people-powered roller coaster. Make a splash on the UK’s first solar-powered water ride, be mesmerised as you meander round the Enchanted River Ride or run wild through the ancient forest and conquer our Tree Top Towers. Days out really don’t get much better than GreenWood!

2. Llanddwyn Bay：

At Llanddwyn Bay during the summer season they have trained wardens scanning the shore with binoculars or even riding jet-skis, but no formal lifeguard cover though the swimming is very safe. Llandwyn Bay is a spectacular sweep of sand and has amazing views out across the mountains of the Lleyn Peninsula.

Access is signposted from the A4080 in Newborough and is through a Forestry England road operated by a toll barrier. There is huge parking and picnic area in the trees behind the beach. Llanddwyn Bay can get some surf and offers good windsurfing conditions. The beach is generally safe but the currents can be strong near Abermenai Point so keep away.The beach itself curves around from SW facing in the middle to SSW at Abermenai point and also wraps around to face SE near Llanddwyn Island so surf and wind direction relative to the shore can change quite a bit along the beach so it could be worth a walk to get the optimum conditions.

The beach is also ideal for kite buggying and kite-surfing. Few facilities are available on the beach itself, just toilets, but most things are available in Newborough nearby.

3. LlanfairPG Station：

Llanfairpwllgwyngyllgogerychwyrndrobwllllantysiliogogogoch otherwise known as LlanfairPG Station. It translates as St. Mary's Church in the hollow of the White Hazel near a rapid whirlpool and the church of St. Tysilio near the Red Cave." Visitors love to see the station's name up on the side of the building and pose for a picture. It is also a novelty to print off a very long train ticket, which features the station's full name.

Despite the hype, there is actually nothing to do at Llanfair PG, but you will certainly want to have your photo taken by a sign (the station is popular and has a helpful pronunciation guide written underneath). There is a decent tourist office if you need some inspiration.

Reference Website:

https://www.dayoutwiththekids.co.uk/things-to-do/north-wales/isle-of-anglesey/llangefni

VI. History

There are numerous megalithic monuments and menhirs on Anglesey, testifying to the presence of humans in prehistory. Plas Newydd is near one of 28 cromlechs that remain on uplands overlooking the sea. The Welsh Triads claim that Anglesey was once part of the mainland.

Historically, Anglesey has long been associated with the druids. The Roman conquest of Anglesey began in AD 60 when the Roman general Gaius Suetonius Paulinus, determined to break the power of the druids, attacked the island using his amphibious Batavian contingent as a surprise vanguard assaul and then destroying the shrine and the nemeta (sacred groves). News of Boudica's revolt reached him just after his victory, causing him to withdraw his army before consolidating his conquest. The island was finally brought into the Roman Empire by Gnaeus Julius Agricola, the Roman governor of Britain, in AD 78. During the Roman occupation, the area was notable for the mining of copper. The foundations of Caer Gybi, a fort in Holyhead, are Roman, and the present road from Holyhead to Llanfairpwllgwyngyll was originally a Roman road. The island was grouped by Ptolemy with Ireland ("Hibernia") rather than with Britain ("Albion").

British Iron Age and Roman sites have been excavated and coins and ornaments discovered, especially by the 19th-century antiquarian William Owen Stanley. After the Roman departure from Britain in the early 5th century, pirates from Ireland colonised Anglesey and the nearby Llŷn Peninsula. In response to this, Cunedda ap Edern, a Gododdin warlord from Scotland, came to the area and began to drive the Irish out. This was continued by his son Einion Yrth ap Cunedda and grandson Cadwallon Lawhir ap Einion; the last Irish invaders were finally defeated in battle in 470. As an island, Anglesey was in a good defensive position, and so Aberffraw became the site of the court, or Llys, of the Kingdom of Gwynedd. Apart from a devastating Danish raid in 853 it remained the capital until the 13th century, when improvements to the English navy made the location indefensible. Anglesey was also briefly the most southerly possession of the Norwegian Empire.

 After the Irish, the island was invaded by Vikings — some of these raids were noted in famous sagas (see Menai Strait History) — and by Saxons, and Normans, before falling to Edward I of England in the 13th century.

Anglesey (together with Holy Island) is one of the 13 historic counties of Wales. In medieval times, before the conquest of Wales in 1283, Môn often had periods of temporary independence, as it was frequently bequeathed to the heirs of kings as a sub-kingdom of Gwynedd. The last times this occurred were a few years after 1171, following the death of Owain Gwynedd, when the island was inherited by Rhodri ab Owain Gwynedd, and between 1246 and c. 1255, when it was granted to Owain Goch as his share of the kingdom. After the conquest of Wales by Edward I, Anglesey was created a county under the terms of the Statute of Rhuddlan of 1284. Prior to this it had been divided into the cantrefi of Aberffraw, Rhosyr and Cemaes.

20th century

During the First World War, the Presbyterian minister and celebrity preacher John Williams toured the island as part of an effort to recruit young men to volunteer for a just war. German POWs were kept on the island. By the end of the war, some 1,000 of the island's men had died while on active service. In 1936 the NSPCC opened its first branch on Anglesey. During the Second World War, Anglesey received Italian POWs. The island was designated a reception zone, and was home to evacuee children from Liverpool and Manchester. The island's location made it an ideal place to monitor German U-Boats operating in the Irish Sea. Around half a dozen airships operated out of Mona airfield to monitor submarine activity.

VII. Culture

Anglesey hosted the National Eisteddfod in 1957, 1983, 1999, and 2017.

It is also a member of the International Island Games Association. Anglesey's biggest successes were at the 1997 Island Games held in Jersey, (11th in the medals table, with two gold, three silver and nine bronze medals) and the 2005 Island Games in the Shetland Islands, (again 11th, with 4 gold, 2 silver and 2 bronze).

The annual Anglesey Show is held on the second Tuesday and Wednesday of August. Farmers from around the country compete in livestock rearing contests, including sheep and cattle.

Anglesey has featured in the Channel 4 archaeological television programme Time Team (series 14). The episode was transmitted on 4 February 2007.

The island hosts Gottwood, an electronic music and arts festival held each summer at the Carreglwyd estate. The Druidic college at Anglesey is referred to in the metal band Eluveitie's song "Inis Mona", an incorrect spelling of Ynys Môn.

Capital Cymru, a commercial contemporary hit radio station, also covers Gwynedd. Môn FM, a volunteer community radio station, broadcasts from the county town, Llangefni.

In 2018, the BBC began a three-part series entitled Anglesey: Island Lives, detailing the lives of several residents of the island. In the first episode, Kris Hughes, a noted companion of the Druid community and the Anglesey Druid Order, was followed as the order marked the Summer Solstice.

VIII. Other information

Abandoned nuclear plan

On 17 January 2019, Hitachi-Horizon Nuclear Power announced it was abandoning plans to build a nuclear plant on the Wylfa Newydd site in Anglesey. There had been concern that the start of the project might involve too much public expenditure, but Hitachi-Horizon say the decision to scrap has cost the company over £2 billion.

Ecology and conservation

Much of Anglesey is used for relatively intensive cattle and sheep farming. However, there are several important wetland sites that have protected status. In addition, the several lakes all have significant ecological interest, including their support for a wide range of aquatic and semi-aquatic bird species. In the west, the Malltraeth Marshes are believed to support an occasional visiting bittern, and the nearby estuary of the Afon Cefni supports a bird population made internationally famous by the paintings of Charles Tunnicliffe, who lived for many years and died at Malltraeth on the Cefni estuary. The RAF airstrip at Mona is a nesting site for skylarks. The sheer cliff faces at South Stack near Holyhead provide nesting sites for huge numbers of auks, including puffins, razorbills and guillemots, together with choughs and peregrine falcons. Anglesey is home to several species of tern, including the roseate tern. Three sites on Anglesey are important for breeding terns – see Anglesey tern colonies.

IX. Contact information

Mayor/Officer: Rhys Parry

Tel: 01248 723332

Mail: towncouncil@llangefni.org

Reference Website:

http://llangefni.org/