Kuusamo 作者：  来源：  发布时间：2021-10-16

一、所属省或是州，具体位置，人口，面积

Kuusamo is a town and municipality in Finland. It is located in the Northern Ostrobothnia region. The municipality has a population of 15,142 (31 July 2020) and covers an area of 5,808.92 square kilometres (2,242.84 sq mi) of which 830.81 km2 (320.78 sq mi) is water. The population density is 3.04 inhabitants per square kilometre (7.9/sq mi). The municipality is unilingually Finnish.

Kuusamo is a major center for winter sports and receives approximately a million tourists every year. One of the largest ski resorts in Finland, Ruka, is situated in Kuusamo. Ruka is also the host of many international competitions in ski jumping, cross country skiing and Nordic combined. The 2005 World Championships of Freestyle Skiing was held in Kuusamo. Kuusamo Airport is located 6 kilometres (4 mi) north-east from Kuusamo town centre.

二、自然地理

1.地理条件

Kuusamo lies in the east of Finland in the Northern Ostrobothnia region on the border with Russia. The town of Kuusamo is only a small part of the municipality. The neighboring municipalities of Kuusamo are Suomussalmi in the south, Taivalkoski and Posio in the west, Salla in the north and Russia in the east. The nearest large towns are Rovaniemi, 192 kilometres (119 mi) northwest, and Oulu 215 km (134 mi) southwest. The distance to the capital Helsinki is 796 km (495 mi).

Kuusamo covers an area of 5,808.92 square kilometres (2,242.84 sq mi) of which 830.81 km2 (320.78 sq mi) is water. The community center of Kuusamo, where nearly two-thirds of the population live, is only a small part of the territory. The rest of the municipality consists of sparsely populated, mostly wooded areas. Therefore, the population density of Kuusamo is only 3.04 inhabitants per square kilometre (7.9/sq mi). Apart from the city, villages include Alakitka, Heikkilä, Hiltunen, Irni, Jokilampi, Kallunki, Kantokylä, Kemilä, Kero, Kesäniemi, Kiitämäjärvi, Koskenkylä, Kuolio, Kurvinen, Kärpänkylä, Käylä, Lämsänkylä, Maaselänkylä, Murtovaara, Poussu, Puutteenkylä, Rukajärvi, Määttälänvaara, Soivio, Suorajärvi, Tammela, Teeriranta, Törmäsenvaara, Vasaraperä, Virrankylä, Vuotunki, Lehto and Kiviperä.

The city lies on a roughly 250-meter-high plateau, from which the waters flow in five directions. In the area of Kuusamo there are many hills (Finn. vaara) and fells (Finn. tunturi). The highest elevations are Valtavaara (492 m), Kuntivaara (481 m), Iivaara (469 m) and Rukatunturi (490 m), the site of the Ruka ski center.

Ninety percent of the land area is forested. The forests consist mainly of pine trees (70%) with some spruce (20%) and deciduous trees (10%). 801 km2 (309 sq mi) or 14% of the area of Kuusamo is covered by water. The largest of the 166 lakes in the area are Joukamojärvi, Kiitämä, Kitka, Kurkijärvi, Kuusamojärvi, Muojärvi and Suininki. Rivers in the area include Oulankajoki, Kitkajoki, Kuusinkijoki and Pistojoki flowing eastward to the White Sea and Iijoki westward to the Gulf of Bothnia.

The 270 km2 (100 sq mi) area of Oulanka National Park is shared between northern Kuusamo and neighboring Salla municipality. The landscape is dominated by pine forests, Oulankajoki river and its side branches with their sandbanks and rapids, and in the northern part vast marsh areas. In the wilderness live 30 species of mammals and 120 species of birds, including brown, stone and white-tailed eagle. Wolves and lynxes are rare. Rapids in Oulankajoki include Kiutaköngäs, Taivalköngäs, Jyrävä, Niskakoski and Myllykoski. Near the southern border with Suomussalmi is the canyon lake Julma Ölkky with up to 50 m (160 ft) high cliffs.

2.交通情况

National highway 5 (E63) connects Kuusamo to Southern Finland. Highway 20 leads from Kuusamo to Oulu, and the main road 81 to Rovaniemi. In Suoperä at Kuusamo, there is a border crossing to Russia, opened for international traffic in 2006. In 2007, 17,000 border crossings recorded.

Kuusamo Airport is 6 km (4 mi) from the city center and 27 km (17 mi) from Ruka. It was opened in 1969 and has since been expanded several times. The airline Finnair offers daily direct flights from Helsinki, adding charter flights during the tourist season. Seasonal flights are offered by Finncomm Airlines and Blue1 from Helsinki and Rossiya Airlines from St. Petersburg. In 2007, 108,394 passengers used the airport.

三、经济发展和规模

The main economic activities in Kuusamo include forestry, reindeer husbandry, small industries and tourism. The unemployment rate, at 16.2% (2003) is relatively high. In 2002 there were 248 Farms in Kuusamo. Given the Climatic conditions, milk and meat production have a major role, including reindeer meat from the approximately 10,000 semi-domesticated reindeer which roam the pastures in Kuusamo. The forestry and wood processing industry also employs over 1,000 people.

The city of Kuusamo provides the services needed by the citizens in a versatile and multidisciplinary manner. Most employees work in basic security and in the education sector. The city employs about 1,200 people and more than 78% of them are in permanent employment. The contribution, competence and comfort of each employee is an important issue for the city of Kuusamo.

The city has outsourced information management services to LapIT and Kuntien Tiera, as well as half of the cleaning services to private sector actors. Many basic security services, such as care and housing services, are also purchased from private operators.

In accordance with Kuusamo's city strategy, the city's critical success factors are a renewable and innovative service city as well as change management and productive personnel. Supervisor and subordinate skills emphasize change management and adaptation to change.

The central government consists of administrative services, financial and personnel services, information management services and inclusion and welfare services. The division is headed by the Chief Administrative and Financial Officer.

Education and training activities include administrative, educational, early childhood education and cultural and leisure services. The division is headed by the CEO of Education.

The basic security business area is divided into four result areas: social services, services for the elderly, health services and administrative services. The industry is led by the Chief Security Officer.

Community technology consists of administration and finance, land use and building control, the environment, real estate and municipal technology. The division is led by the community director.

The Management Team consists of the Mayor, the Chief Administrative and Financial Officer, the Chief Cultural Officer, the Chief Community Officer, the Director of Basic Safety and the President of the business company Naturpolis Oy.

http://www.kuusamo.fi/tietoa-kuusamosta/organisaatio

http://www.kuusamo.fi/kaupunki-tyonantajana

四、产业特点/重点项目

On 19 January 2007, the Ministry of Trade and Industry approved the uranium takeover applications of Namura Finland Oy, owned by the Canadian Cooper Minerals Inc, in Kuusamo on the shores of Lake Kitkajärvi in the Kouvervaara – Naatikkavaara – Jäkäläniemi area. The decision to grant takeover rights gives Namura Finland Oy the right to radon research and the takeovers are valid for one year. The seizure rights apply to 10 seizure areas with a total area of approximately 8.6 km². The company assumes that copper and uranium will be found in the seizure areas.

The city organization of Kuusamo consists of four administrative units: central administration, social and health care, infrastructure and environment, and education. 

The town’s commercial enterprises include 4 subsidiary companies:

Naturpolis Ltd – Nordic Business Centre

Adult Education Centre

Oivanki Outdoor Education Centre

Kuusamo Rental Houses

Regional Development Working Group

The City of Kuusamo participates in the region's diverse project activities as a member of the regional development working group. The purpose of the development fund managed by the regional development working group is to implement joint development projects in the Kuusamo and Taivalkoski areas.

Read more on Naturpolis' website

- about the projects: https://www.naturpolis.fi/fi/hankkeet/

- on regional development: https://www.naturpolis.fi/fi/aluekehitys/

Read more on the Northeast Finland Adult Education website

- about the projects: https://ksak.fi/hankkeet/

http://www.kuusamo.fi/en/information-about-kuusamo/organisation

http://www.kuusamo.fi/sites/default/files/kaupungin_organisaatio_2020.pdf

五、风景名胜，景点( attractions)

1. Bear Tour

Kuusamo's most famous hiking trail is the Bear Tour, which runs mainly in Oulanka National Park, with a total length of about 82 kilometers, 70 km (from Ristikallio) and 80 km (from Hautajärvi, on the side of the municipality of Salla). The starting and ending point of the Little Bear Tour is in the village of Juuma and its length is about 12 km. There are several stops and attractions along the Little Bear Tour, e.g. Jyrävä waterfall, which is one of the highest waterfalls in Finland. Filming for the 2006 film The Mystery of the Wolf, which premiered, was made at the foot of Jyrävä Falls.

https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuusamo

2.Julma-Ölkky

Julma-Ölkky (also Julma Ölkky or Julmaölkky) is a deep canyon lake in Kuusamo near the Suomussalmi municipal border in Northern Ostrobothnia, about 47 kilometers south of the center of Kuusamo. The surface of the lake is 243.8 meters above sea level.

The Julma-Ölkky is formed when a canyon about 100 meters deep fills with water so that the maximum depth of the current lake is 42 meters. The lake, located in a narrow canyon, is more than three kilometers long, and its steep, almost vertical canyon shores rise to their highest point in Ölökynärjä, 45 meters above the lake's surface. The lake flows south into a lake called Ala-Ölkky, which is 234.5 meters above sea level.

Julma-Ölkky belongs to Hossa National Park, which was established on 17 June 2017. The lake can be reached by car or from Hossa by boat or along a walking trail. Boat trips are organized there during the summer, you can see the rock painting of Julma-Ölky. There is also a kiosk at the southern end of the lake

https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julma-Ölkky

3. Kalliomajat

Rukatunturi is a mountain about 500 meters high in the city of Kuusamo. Botanically, the top of Rukatunturi can be called a heath. The Ruka Winter Sports Center has been built in connection with Rukatunturi and has developed into a versatile leisure center.

In the winter, the area hosts international sports events, such as the Nordic World Ski and Freestyle Skiing World Cup and the World Championships in freestyle skiing in 2005. In the summer, Ruka has a summer toboggan run. Most of the cottages in Kuusamo, the fifth largest cottage in Finland, are located around the Ruka ski resort. Ruka has 34 ski slopes and 21 ski lifts.

In addition to downhill skiing, Ruka offers cross-country skiing, snowmobiling and various indoor sports. Ruka is also the southern end of the Bear Tour hiking trail. Ruka has the oldest ski school in Finland, Ruka Ski School, founded in 1956. It was chosen as the ski school of the year in 2007. Kalle Palander Ruka Racing School, the only ski school in Finland that offers professional alpine training, also operates in Ruka. In the period 2013–2014, 127,000 different customers visited the slopes.

https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rukatunturi

六、历史文化

1.历史

Until the 17th century, the area of Kuusamo was inhabited by the semi-Nomadic Sami. During the cold season they lived in the Villages Maanselkä and Friction. In spring they moved to the Rivers and in summer, after the melting of the ice, to the Lakes; there they fished and gathered berries and mushrooms; in autumn they Hunted reindeer, bears and Beavers in the forest. Apart from fishing and hunting the Sami earned their living by trading fur with the Finns settled on the coast of the Gulf of Bothnia and the Karelians of the White Sea coast.

As a Sami Settlement the area belonged to Kuusamo Kemi-Lappmark at the time. Nominally it belonged to the territory of the Swedish province of Västerbotten, but the Swedish rule was limited to the collection of taxes. At the same time Russia collected taxes in the territory it considered state-less.

From the 15th century Finnish fishermen also took advantage of fishing grounds on the lower reaches of the river Iijoki near Kuusamo. They took regular trips of a few weeks from Kuusamo, but because the land could not provide hay for cattle other than near the river, they founded no fixed Settlements. Only when, in 1673, the Swedish government granted all Settlers in Lapland a tax exemption for 15 years, did Settlers from Savo and Kainuu Settle in Kuusamo. They practiced slash and burn as a form of shifting cultivation. This put the Sami's hunting way of life at risk. Within a few decades the Sami population was Assimilated or ousted by the Finnish Settlers. By 1718 there were only two Sámi families in Kuusamo, who had already adopted the Finnish language.

In 1809, Kuusamo, as with the rest of Finland, came under Russian rule. In the first half of the 19th century, the area was ravaged several times by devastating famine and epidemics. Kuusamo was spared by the catastrophic crop failure in 1867, and its population grew steadily thereafter. By 1886, 7,000 people inhabited the city; by 1894, that number grew to 8,000. With the advent of forestry at the end of the 19th century, workers moved into the area, so Kuusamo reached a population of 10,500 by 1910. In 1868, in Finland's administrative reform, the Parish of Kuusamo became a municipality.

After the independence of Finland in 1917, the Russian border was closed and so Kuusamo was cut off from its hinterland. The forestry sector suffered as no wood could be rafted from Kuusamo to the ports on the White Sea. Even the reindeer economy suffered as some of the herds remained on the Russian side of the border. Therefore, between the Wars agriculture developed as the most important part of the economy. By 1925 the population had risen to 14,634, but it fell by around 2000 the next year through the detachment of the Villages and Posio Suolijärvi Kuusamo.

At the start of the Winter War Kuusamo was evacuated in December 1939 for fear of a Soviet Invasion. In the Moscow Peace Treaty, the Winter War ended on 14 March 1940, Finland lost large parts of Karelia, the eastern areas of Salla and Kuusamo to the Soviet Union. The ceded part of Kuusamo had an area of 1653 square kilometers and included the Villages Paanajärvi, Tavajärvi, Vatajärvi, Enojärvi, Pukari and Kenttikylä. Its 2100 Residents were relocated to other parts of Kuusamo. During the Continuation War of 1941-1944 Kuusamo was used as a supply depot by German and Finnish troops. When it appeared that Germany might lose the war, Finland secretly negotiated a separate peace with the Soviet Union. After news of the armistice, the civilian population once again Abandoned the town for fear of Russian occupation. The Russians did Briefly occupy Kuusamo and burned the village to the ground upon their departure. One of the requirements on the treaty was the removal of any and all German troops currently on Finnish soil, which escalated into a minor separate war commonly known as the Lapland war between the Finns and the Germans.

In the years between 1945–1952 Kuusamo was rebuilt. By the late 1960s, the population grew to almost 21,000. As agriculture in the village could not offer enough jobs for the baby boomer generation, the population began to decline rapidly. In 1954, the first ski run on the Rukatunturi was created. Through the expansion of the Ruka ski center, Kuusamo became a tourist center. In 2000, the municipality of Kuusamo was made a town.

2. 文化体育

While Kuusamo mainly attracts visitors because of its natural beauty, the city has produced little of interest in the traditional sense. Because the city center was completely destroyed in the Lapland War and then had to be rebuilt quickly and economically, Kuusamo is seen as largely uninteresting from an Architectural point of view. In contrast - at least considering the small population - the cultural life of the city is relatively lively.

The Kuusamo Hall in the town center, completed in 1996, acts as a convention and cultural center. In it one can find regular musical and theatrical performances as well as changing art exhibitions. The Kuusamo Local History Museum is an outdoor museum that has been established on a historic farm. Additionally, the school museum is set up in the old school of Kirkkoketo.

The church in the center of Kuusamo was built in 1951. It stands on the site of the old wooden church from 1802, which was burnt down in 1944 Lapland War by German troops. At that time German Soldiers buried the two church bells (one endowed to the church by Charles XI of Sweden in 1698, and the other originating from the year 1721) in the Cemetery to secure them from the advancing Soviet troops. The bells were considered lost until 1959, when the former German regimental Commander visited Kuusamo and Revealed the location of the buried bells. Today these same bells are housed in the rebuilt church.

Kuusamo is the venue of several international winter sports competitions. In Ruka skiing there is a stadium with the Rukatunturi-hill (HS142) and a smaller-K64 ski jumping hill and lighted trails and a Biathlon facility. Since 2002, the World Cup kick-off in ski jumping and Nordic combined and cross country skiing World Cup Races in Ruka Nordic Opening in late November at a joint event in Kuusamo instead. 2006's 16,000 spectators, the competition. [13] Ruka in 2005, the Freestyle Skiing World Cup instead.

七、其他信息

The area was called Kuusamo in the early 1690s after Lake Kuusamo. It is not certain where the lake got its name, but Elias Lagus (1741–1819), the former deputy priest of Kuusamo, considered it to be of Sámi origin and to mean a spruce land. The name could also be based on honeysuckle, or grove honeysuckle, which presumably has grown on the shores of Lake Kuusamo.

八、联系方式

Town manager: Jouko Manninen

Phone:040 860 8600

Email:jouko.manninen(at)kuusamo.fi

Address:Keskuskuja 693600 KUUSAMO

http://www.kuusamo.fi