Esbjerg，Denmark 作者： 来源： 发布时间：2021-02-01
一、人口，面积
Population: 115,483
Area: 753 km²
Municipality in Syddanmark
二、自然地理
Esbjerg is a seaport town and seat of Esbjerg Municipality on the west coast of the Jutland peninsula in southwest Denmark.
The town is situated on the southwestern coast of Denmark, and is a port on the North Sea. By road, it is 71 kilometres (44 mi) west of Kolding, 164 kilometres (102 mi) southwest of Aarhus, 298 kilometres (185 mi) west of Copenhagen and 274 kilometres (170 mi) southwest of Aalborg. By sea, it is situated roughly 380 miles (610 km) northeast of Harwich, England. As a result of planned development, the older sections of the town look like a chessboard with long, wide streets with rectangular corners.
The high ground of Esbjerg stretches along the east coast of the Wadden Sea (now a UNESCO World Heritage Site) between the rivers of Varde and Sneum, encompassing the coastal area of Ho Bugt and the seaside district of Hjerting to the north. Opposite Esbjerg, across Fanø Bay, is the island of Fanø, 16 kilometres (9.9 mi) by 5 kilometres (3.1 mi), with Nordby as its principal settlement, connected to Esbjerg by ferry. To the west of Esbjerg, the town boundary is defined by a number of small streams. The highest point is some 25 m (82 ft) above sea level. The town is located on top of steep slopes leading down to the flatlands of the harbour area. The built-up area itself is not very hilly but there are considerable differences in terrain. Apart from the cliff in the town park overlooking the harbour, the valley of Fourfelt Bæk, 1.2 kilometres (0.75 mi) in length, is the main feature of the landscape, resulting in differences of up to 20 m (66 ft) with the surroundings.
Traffic
The port town of Esbjerg is a large transport hub for both rail and road traffic, and an important port for Danish North Sea oil offshore activity. It is also served by Esbjerg Airport with flights to Aberdeen and Stavanger, while the nearby Billund Airport offers additional travel options.
Esbjerg Station is operated by Danish State Railways. The station is the western terminus of InterCity trains from Copenhagen (operating once an hour), with a journey time of about three hours. DSB also operates local trains to Fredericia. Arriva operates the Vestbanen with local trains travelling south to Ribe and Tønder and north to Struer.
Ferry services connect Esbjerg via Ho Bugt to Nordby on the island of Fanø via Danske Færger. From 1875 until 2014 a passenger service operated over the North Sea to the English port of Harwich via DFDS Seaways, formerly Scandinavian Seaways. The MS Winston Churchill began service between the two ports in 1967, and served until 1978 when it was transferred to the River Tyne to Gothenburg service. The crossings were discontinued at the end of September 2014 although a freight service is still available on the route from Esbjerg to Immingham. DFDS cited "dwindling demand and high costs" as the chief reasons for the closure of the route.
Esbjerg Harbour is the second largest harbour in Denmark (after Aarhus). It serves Maersk Drilling headquarters, and the regional commuter Esbjerg–Fanø–Esbjerg. For those arriving by pleasure craft, there is a marina along Pier No. 1 with 198 mooring places. The 650,000 square metres (7,000,000 sq ft) Østhavn (“East Harbour”) opened in June 2013, while construction of a new freight terminal in the Sydhavn section of the harbour is scheduled for 2014.
三、经济发展和规模
Before a decision was made to establish a harbour at Esbjerg in 1868, the area consisted of only a few farms. Esbjerg developed quickly with the population rising to 13,000 by 1901 and 70,000 by 1970. In addition to its fishing and shipping activities, it also became an important centre for agricultural exports. Over the years, many of the city's visitors have arrived by ferry from Harwich, Essex, England, but this service closed in September 2014 having run since 1875. The harbour facilities are being expanded to answer the needs of the wind-turbine industry and container shipping traffic. Esbjerg is served by Esbjerg Airport with flights to Aberdeen, Scotland and Stavanger, Norway.
Established in 1895 by nine local dairies, the butter-packaging factory, Dansk Andels Smørpakkeri, employed some 150 workers until 1920, packing and dispatching butter for the London market. It was later extended to include egg marketing under the name Dansk Andels Ægeksport. Ultimately, it handled produce from 140 dairies spread across the whole of Jutland. After the Second World War, the town developed several agricultural industries, especially meat processing and packaging with a plant employing over 300. The slaughterhouse and meat packaging facility, Esbjerg Andels-Slagteri, established in 1887, became Denmark's sixth largest by 1962. It later became part of Vestjyske Slagterier in 1986, and in 2001, it was acquired by Danish Crown.
Once Denmark's principal fishing port, the Port of Esbjerg is still a driving force for the town's economy. Esbjerg is the main town for Denmark's oil and offshore activities, with companies like Maersk, Ramboll, Stimwell Services, ABB, Schlumberger, COWI and Atkins all having offshore-related activities in the town. Halliburton has an office in Esbjerg. The port has served the Danish offshore industry since oil and gas were first extracted from the North Sea in the early 1970s. More recently, it has become a centre for shipping offshore wind turbines. In addition to handling 65 percent of all Danish wind turbines, which supply 3 gigawatts (4,000,000 hp) of offshore wind power, components have been shipped to various British wind farms. In order to cope with enormous future increases in Danish offshore wind power, 12 companies, including DONG Energy and Bluewater Energy Services are already planning the establishment of a Green Offshore Centre in Esbjerg. In connection with this, in June 2013, the port was significantly expanded with the opening of the Østhavn (East Harbour), covering an area of 650,000 m.
Historically, in addition to its success as a fishing port, Esbjerg established its position as one of the country's major export centres. Before World War II, there was a large butter factory, Dansk Andels Smørpakkeri, employing some 150 workers while after the war the town developed agricultural industries, especially for meat processing and packaging with a plant employing over 300. Latterly owned by Danish Crown and employing 500, the plant closed in May 2012.
The financial statements for 2019 show a tax-financed operating profit of DKK 178 million, which can fully finance the tax-financed net capital investment of DKK 166 million. The total tax-financed result thus shows a profit of DKK 12 million. kr.
There are still operating areas where there are major financial challenges and where special efforts are required in 2020 and subsequent years. These areas have been allocated additional appropriations for budget 2020 - 2023.
四、产业特点重点项目
Energy Metropolis of Denmark
As a service provider port for the Danish oil and gas industry and preassembly base port for Danish OEMs in the wind industry, the city has a leading role in the development of the energy sector. Over 250 companies work in the industry, and large investments are made in port infrastructure and base facilities.
With oil, gas, wind, intelligent energy, and bioenergy all in one place, Esbjerg’s position as Denmark’s Energy Metropolis is affirmed. As a result, Esbjerg has been admitted into the World Energy Cities Partnership (WECP), an assembly of the most important energy cities in the world.
Esbjerg is one of only three European members of WECP, and the network counts 19 members worldwide.
From labourers to high-tech workforce
The results of progress can be seen all over the city, which only 150 years ago consisted of nothing more than two farms and a couple of cottages. The most remarkable transformation is on the waterfront.
Esbjerg became Denmark’s offshore hub for wind, oil and gas. It is not just the leading port in Denmark for the installation of offshore wind farms with an export value of close to DKK 100 billion, it’s also the world leader. A host of multinational corporations have been attracted here, radically increasing the level of activity. Jobs in the port primarily consisted of unskilled labour related to commercial fishing in the 1990s. There are now just under 200 businesses located in the port, many of them with highly-qualified workforces, including engineers, technicians and skilled workers.
Global internet hub
In parallel with Esbjerg’s progress within offshore industries, the fifth biggest city in Denmark has also become a Nordic hub for data traffic. The subsea COBRA cable links Esbjerg and Holland, while the Havfrue (mermaid) – a 7,000 km transatlantic fibre cable stretching between Esbjerg and New Jersey – has made global internet giants consider the city for investments.
Apart from the physical port, Esbjerg has also become an ‘internet port’, linking it with the rest of the world. The interest shown by the big internet companies in investing billions here only serves to emphasise the city’s role in the digital infrastructure. Esbjerg has really made its mark on the digital map.
A knowledge-intensive industry in constant change
Today, the offshore industry is one of the most significant in Denmark, with a turnover of around DKK 110 billion. Consulting, design, and production, as well as monitoring and maintenance of oil/gas installations and sea turbines, are particular strengths of Denmark. The offshore industry is very dependent on knowledge, and, according to offshoreenergy.dk, up to 20% of the jobs in the sector are knowledge-intensive.
Predictions show that, in the coming decades, we will see an increase in demand in oil and gas, as well as in alternative energy sources. That also means that the industry expects an increase in offshore jobs. According to Offshoreenergy.dk, the number will double towards 2020. Today, 15,000 people are employed in the oil/gas industry and 10,000 people in the offshore wind industry.
Bioenergy and biotech/pharma industry
Another significant business cluster in Esbjerg is the bioenergy and biotech/pharma industry with extraction production and technology providers with a high level of expertise.
One of the significant players in the biotech/pharma industry in Esbjerg is Leo Pharma, a company that extracts a substance called heparin from pigs casings. The substance is used as an anticoagulant (blood thinner) used for surgeries and saving lives every day. The extraction is done from a state-of-the-art production facility in Esbjerg.
Other key players of the bioenergy and biotech/pharma industry in Esbjerg are:
Babcock Wilcox Vølund, Nature Energy, Triple Nine Pharma, Leo Pharma, ZPD, and Glycom
五、风景名胜，景点
Men at Sea
Address: Sædding Strandvej 1, 6710 Esbjerg, Denmark
The Men at Sea is a 9 metre (30 feet) tall white monument of four seated males, located west of Esbjerg next to Sædding Beach on the southwest coast of Denmark. Located opposite the Fisheries and Maritime Museum, it is one of the area's major tourist attractions, and is a famous landmark of Esbjerg.
The sculpture was designed by Svend Wiig Hansen and installed on 28 October 1995. It was funded by the municipality of Esbjerg, the Kunstfond (an art fund), and private sponsors, to celebrate the 100th anniversary of the municipality in 1994.
The sculpture, made of white concrete, portrays the meeting between pure, unspoilt mankind and nature. Man, innocent as from his mother’s womb. Man before rising up and beginning to act. That, according to Wiig Hansen, was where things started to go wrong - when man got"dirt" on his hands.
Wiig Hansen has portrayed this encounter by creating a universal sculpture that has the mood of a temple, of an acropolis - a sculpture with a sacred aura to it. This sacred aura is attained by the rigid appearance of the human figures, something which reminds the onlooker of the Memnon columns or Ramses II gazing out over the Nile Valley at Abu Simbel. It is also impossible for the onlooker not to be reminded of the mysterious stone figures on the Easter Islands.
The monument can be seen from ships leaving or entering Esbjerg harbour.
Esbjerg Water Tower
Address: Havnegade 22, 6700 Esbjerg
The tower from 1896-97 was designed by C.H. Clausen, who has virtually copied the medieval residence Haus Nassau in Nuremberg.
From the tower there is an unique view of the harbour and town. The tower houses a permanent exhibition on the Esbjerg Water Tower and European water towers.
六、历史文化
Esbjerg's oldest existing house, on the corner of Kongensgade, was built around 1660. The town itself was not established until 1868 when it was built as a replacement for the harbour in Altona, which had previously been Denmark's most important North Sea port but came under German control after the Second Schleswig War in 1864. At the time, Esbjerg consisted of only a few farms. Developed under royal decree from 1868 until 1874, the harbour was officially opened in 1874, with rail connections to Varde and to Fredericia, an important hub on the east coast of Jutland. Initial planning of the town was conducted by chartered surveyor H. Wilkens in 1870 with streets laid out in the form of a rectangular grid. The market square (Torvet) was positioned at the centre, midway between the harbour and the railway station. From only 400 inhabitants at the beginning of the 1870s, the town and its population grew rapidly, with 1529 residents mentioned in 1880, and 4,211 in 1890.
In 1893, Esbjerg became a municipality in its own right (initially known as Esbjerg Ladeplads), receiving the status and privileges of a market town in 1899 and incorporating the parish of Jerne (east of the centre) in 1945. A number of institutions and facilities were soon established, including the courthouse and town hall (1891), the gas and waterworks (1896) and the power plant (1907). From the beginning of the 20th century, Esbjerg prospered not only as a fishing port but became one of the country's major export centres.
More recently, Esbjerg has grown into an important centre for education with campuses belonging to the University of Southern Denmark (1998) and Aalborg University (1995). The town holds an annual music festival spanning two weekends (nine days) in mid-August. It is focused around the central Torvet Square which hosts the main stage. The music includes everything from church concerts to opera and pop.
The town has several notable museums and entertainment venues, including Esbjerg Art Museum, Esbjerg Museum and the privately owned Fisheries and Maritime Museum. The Esbjerg Performing Arts Centre was completed in 1997 to designs by Jan and Jørn Utzon. When approached by sea, the Man Meets the Sea is one of the prominent monuments, consisting of four 9-metre-tall (27 feet) white-coloured men, overlooking Sædding Beach. The sculpture was designed by Svend Wiig Hansen and installed in 1995. It hosts branches of the University of Southern Denmark and Aalborg University, Esbjerg is increasingly recognized for its university facilities and sporting activities. It is home to the Danish football club Esbjerg fB, who play their home matches at Blue Water Arena, and also has an ice hockey division called Esbjerg Elite Ishockey, which plays at the Granly Hockey Arena.
七、其他信息
Ribe Old Town
Ribe is the oldest extant town in Denmark, established in the early eighth century in the Germanic Iron Age. It has a population of 8,168 (1 January 2014). It is the seat of the Diocese of Ribe covering southwestern Jutland. It is now part of the enlarged Esbjerg Municipality in the Region of Southern Denmark.
With Ribe as Denmark’s oldest city and Esbjerg the youngest, with only 150 years chalked up, one can rightly say that both the old and the new are well represented in this area. In Ribe it seems as if time stands still - the city is beautiful, the stories many and magnificent. In Esbjerg, culture is very much to the fore, as is most visible in the impressive sculpture ”Man meets the Sea”.
八、联系方式
Mayor: Jesper Frost Rasmussen
Address: Torvegade City Hall 74, 6700 Esbjerg
Telephone: 7616 1616
Mail: @esbjergkommune.dk
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/EsbjergK/
Website: https://www.esbjerg.dk/