Bornholm，Denmark 作者： 来源： 发布时间：2021-02-01
一、人口，面积，所属地区
Population: 39,499
Area: 588 km²
Municipality in Hovedstaden
二、自然地理
Bornholm is a Danish island in the Baltic Sea, to the east of most of Denmark, south of Sweden, northeast of Germany and northwest of Poland. The topography of the island consists of dramatic rock formations in the north (unlike the rest of Denmark, which is mostly gentle rolling hills) sloping down towards pine and deciduous forests (greatly damaged by storms in the 1950s) and farmland in the middle and sandy beaches in the south.
The island's varied geography and seascapes attract visitors to its many beauty spots from the Hammeren promontory in the northwest to the Almindingen forest in the centre and the Dueodde beaches in the southeast. Of special interest are the rocky sea cliffs at Jons Kapel and Helligdomsklipperne, the varied topography of Paradisbakkerne and rift valleys such as Ekkodalen and Døndalen. Bornholm's numerous windmills include the post mill of Egeby and the well-kept Dutch mill at Aarsdale.
Bornholm has an oceanic climate relatively similar to southern Sweden and mainland Denmark, whose summer highs and winter lows are heavily moderated by its maritime and isolated position. Even though heat is rare, the climate is sunny during summers and rainfall is generally sparse for a climate of this type.
Bornholm is connected to the Swedish electricity grid by a submarine 60 kV AC cable, which is among the longest AC cables in Europe. This cable is capable of delivering all the electrical energy consumed on Bornholm. However Bornholm also generates its own electricity at small thermal power plants and especially wind turbines.
Bornholm is also home to a large internationally funded demonstration project to test the viability of novel energy market mechanisms to regulate energy networks with a high prevalence of renewables (such as wind turbines and photovoltaics). 50% of the project is EU-funded, with the remainder coming mainly from large corporations.
Transport
Ferry services connect Rønne to Świnoujście (Poland), Sassnitz (Germany), Køge (near Copenhagen, Denmark); and catamaran services to Ystad (Sweden). Simrishamn (Sweden) has a ferry connection during the summer. There are also regular catamaran services between Nexø and the Polish ports of Kołobrzeg, Łeba and Ustka. There are direct train and bus connections Ystad-Copenhagen, coordinated with the catamaran. There are also flights from Bornholm Airport to Copenhagen and other locations.
三、经济发展和规模
Bornholm's Regional Municipality has an economic policy which must help to support that the local council can govern some long-term economic objectives and thus ensure an economically robust municipality.
The municipality's budget shows the total expected expenditure and revenue, as well as the distribution of both expenditure and revenue. Each year's budget builds on the previous year's budgets with the changes that have been incorporated, which remain in effect. Savings and use of cash are used to achieve a balance between expenses and revenues.
Most of the municipality's revenue comes from taxes. Personal tax is thus the most important source of income for the municipality. $ 1.8 billion DKK or almost 63% of the income comes from personal taxes, property taxes and other taxes, while the remaining 37% corresponds to DKK 1.1 billion. DKK comes from grants and equalization. The municipal council has thus budgeted with total revenue of DKK 2.9 billion. DKK in 2020.
Budget agreement 2020 in Bornholm Region Municipality
An agreed municipal council is behind this year's budget settlement.
The ambition for this year's budgeting has been to create a financial balance by 2020. It has been expected that a reform of the countervailing scheme at the beginning of 2020 will positively change the basis for budget 2021.
Uncertainty about the importance of a countervailing reform has meant that the budget settlement is largely financed by equal parts of one-off funds, such as deferral and cancellation of construction tasks and operating savings. The tax has not been raised to budget 2020.
In budget 2020, several initiatives from earlier are being continued. Some of the new and continuing things in the settlement are:
New buses
New kindergarten
Youth Housing
Library self-service is expanding
Whistleblower
四、产业特点重点项目
The main industries on the island include fishing, arts and crafts such as glass production and pottery using locally worked clay, and dairy farming. Tourism is important during the summer.
Craftsmanship of special class
Bornholm has a particularly strong position in crafts both nationally and internationally.
Most recently, it came to light when Bornholm, as the first region in Europe and the first island in the world, was awarded the World Craft Region title by the UNESCO recognized World Craft Council . This award is given only to artisanal regions of special class, and such recognition is the international quality stamp of the artisan.
Bornholm also has a high concentration of performing craftsmen, exhibition venues, educations, museums as well as a rich history and tradition of crafts. The island also offers good support for business development, and together this provides a unique starting point for the development of the industry.
EcoGrid EU project
The key idea of EcoGrid EU is to introduce market-based mechanisms close to the operation phase that will release balancing capacity, particularly from flexible consumption.
The EcoGrid real-time market concept is an extension of the existing power balancing markets and control systems in Europe. A five-minutes real-time market will extend the market operation closer to real-time. It means that the problems with forecast errors, eg related to wind generation inherently present in the conventional markets are minimized.
The EcoGrid real-time market will increase demand-side market participation and thereby reduce the need for costly flexibility on the production side/or compensate for traditional balancing power and services from convec ntional generation displaced by generation based on renewable sources.
Advanced meters and ICT solutions will enable residential electricity consumers to offer TSO´s additional balancing service for the benefit of the individual customer and the society.
The demonstration will take place on the Danish island Bornholm with more than 50 % electricity consumption from renewable energy production.
Of a total of 28.000 customers on Bornholm, approximately 2000 residential consumers will participate with flexible demand response to real-time price signals. The participants will be equipped with residential demand response devices/appliances using gateways and "smart" controllers.
Installation of the smart solutions will allow real-time prices to be presented to consumers and allow users to pre-program their automatic demand-response preferences, e.g. through different types of electricity pipe contracts. "Automation" and customer choice is one of the key elements in the EcoGrid EU concept.
A real-time market concept will be developed to give small end-users of electricity and distributed renewable energy sources new options (and potential economic benefits) for offering TSO's additional balancing and ancillary services. To make the EcoGrid EU solutions more widely applicable, the market concept will be designed for existing power exchange(s). Because of the test site location on Bornholm, the real-time market concept will first be operational in the Nordic power market system.
Strong industrial participation and innovative experiences from related European and US Smart Grids RD&D projects will contribute to the development and implementation of robust ICT platforms and information architectures. This is the key to allow all distributed energy resources to participate actively in the real-time power market.
The total budget for EcoGrid EU is € 21 million of which approximately half is financed by the EU. The project is running for 4 years from medio 2011.
五、风景名胜，景点
Østerlars Round Church
Address: Vietsvej 25, 3760 Gudhjem
Østerlars Round Church is the largest round church on Bornholm and the church has about 120,000 visitors a year and is one of the main sights on the island. Dedicated to St Laurentius, Østerlars Round Church is regarded as the oldest of the four churches, even though it is not known precisely when the churches were built. The church probably dates back to 1150, and, like its fellows, was used both as a place of worship and for protection against enemies from the sea. The roof was added much later when the church had lost its importance as a defensive structure.
Some say, that Østerlars Round Church is central to the theory of there being a link between the French Knights Templar and the location of Bornholm’s medieval churches. But this theory hasn’t been proved.
The Østerlars Round Church is normally open to visitors when there is no divine service and for a token charge you can visit both the church and climb up to the rafters. During the winter months, admission is free between the morning and evening bells.
Opal Lake
Address: Hammersøvej/Sænevej, 3770 Allinge
From the 2nd half of the 19th century Bornholm witnessed a tremendous granite industry. Granite became one of the most important export goods of Bornholm. There was a real boom in the granite industry on the island and first in 1970 the quarry was closed.
You have several hiking trails running by the lake. And if you walk up on the top of the cliffs, you get a breathtaking view over the whole area and even the Baltic Sea and Hammershus castle ruin.
You can swim in the Opal Lake, but please note, that the lake is very deep – and therefore only suited for people, who can swim, as you won’t be able to stand on solid ground anywhere in the lake.
Gudhjem
Nestling on the rocky coast of Bornholm’s Baltic Sea shore, Gudhjem is one of Bornholm’s most popular summer spots. The picturesque holiday town even has its own dish, which you should try on your next visit; Explore the cosy alleyways leading down to the lively harbour or climb up to the ridges above Gudhjem for fantastic views of this undeniably pretty place.
Gudhjem – also called “God’s home” is a “must see” for most of Bornholms visitors. It is the only town upon a hill in Denmark. Situated on the eastcoast of Bornholm, there is a direct ferry connection to the small islands Christiansø and Frederiksø.
Try to climb on top of the Bokul – you’ll be rewarded with a breathtaking view from above: A view over the town, the red roofs, the harbour and the sea. Continue by crossing the road and walk into the exciting forest to the “secret” lake Gråmyr – with its red-white waterlilies. Here you have an almost healing silence and during late summer you can pick blueberries.
六、历史文化
In Old Norse the island was known as Borgundarholm, and in ancient Danish especially the island's name was Borghand or Borghund; these names were related to Old Norse borg "height" and bjarg/berg "mountain, rock", as it is an island that rises high from the sea. Other names known for the island include Burgendaland (9th century), Hulmo / Holmus (Gesta Hammaburgensis ecclesiae pontificum), Burgundehulm (1145), and Borghandæholm (14th century). The Old English translation of Orosius uses the form Burgenda land. Some scholars believe that the Burgundians are named after Bornholm; the Burgundians were Germanic peoples who moved west when the Western Roman Empire collapsed and occupied and named Burgundy in France.
Bornholm formed part of the historical Lands of Denmark when the nation united out of a series of petty chiefdoms. It was originally administratively part of the province of Scania and was administered by the Scanian Law after this was codified in the 13th century. Control over the island evolved into a long-raging dispute between the See of Lund and the Danish crown culminating in several battles. The first fortress on the island was Gamleborg which was replaced by Lilleborg, built by the king in 1150. In 1149, the king accepted the transfer of three of the island's four herreder (districts) to the archbishop. In 1250, the archbishop constructed his own fortress, Hammershus. A campaign launched from it in 1259 conquered the remaining part of the island including Lilleborg. The island's status remained a matter of dispute for an additional 200 years.
Bornholm was pawned to Lübeck for 50 years starting 1525. Its first militia, Bornholms Milits, was formed in 1624.
Swedish forces conquered the island in 1645, but returned the island to Denmark in the following peace settlement. After the war in 1658, Denmark ceded the island to Sweden under the Treaty of Roskilde along with the rest of the Skåneland, Bohuslän and Trøndelag, and it was occupied by Swedish forces.
A revolt broke out the same year, culminating in Villum Clausen's shooting of the Swedish commander Johan Printzensköld on 8 December 1658. Following the revolt, a deputation of islanders presented the island as a gift to King Frederick III on the condition that the island would never be ceded again. This status was confirmed in the Treaty of Copenhagen in 1660.
Swedes, notably from Småland and Skania, emigrated to the island during the 19th century, seeking work and better conditions. Most of the migrants did not remain.
Bornholm was one of the three last Danish municipalities not belonging to a county— the others were Copenhagen and Frederiksberg. On 1 January 2007, the municipality lost its short-lived (2003 until 2006) county status and became part of the Capital Region of Denmark.
Strategically located in the Baltic Sea, Bornholm has been fought over for centuries. It has usually been ruled by Denmark, but also by Lübeck and Sweden. The ruin of Hammershus, at the northwestern tip of the island, is the largest medieval fortress in northern Europe, testament to the importance of its location.
Bornholm Regional Municipality is the local authority (Danish, kommune) covering the entire island. It comprises the five former (1 April 1970 until 2002) municipalities on the island (Allinge-Gudhjem, Hasle, Nexø, Rønne and Aakirkeby) and the former Bornholm County. The island had 22 municipalities until March 1970, of which 6 were market towns and 16 parishes. The market town municipalities were supervised by the county and not by the Interior Ministry as was the case in the rest of Denmark. The seat of the municipal council is the island's main town, Rønne. The voters decided to merge the county with the municipalities in a referendum May 29, 2001, effective from January 1, 2003. The first regional mayor was Thomas Thors, a physician and member of the Social Democrats and previously mayor of Rønne Municipality. Bjarne Kristiansen, representing the local Borgerlisten political party, served as mayor from January 1, 2006 until 2009. From January 1, 2010 the mayor has been Winni Grosbøll, a high school teacher and a member of the Social Democrats (Socialdemokraterne) political party.
Bornholm Regional Municipality was not merged with other municipalities on 1 January 2007 in the nationwide Municipal Reform of 2007.
七、其他信息
Bright Green Island
At Bornholm, we will be a sustainable and climate-friendly island community in 2035. We believe that a sustainable future for our island is about utilizing and safeguarding shared resources in a wise and sustainable way.
This is what we call Bright Green Island - and together we are working towards achieving the 8 Bornholm goals.
1. Business: Bornholm makes sustainability a good business
2. Facts: Bornholm is accounting for its green conversion
3. CO2 neutral: Bornholm will always be an example of a climate-friendly society
4. Mobility: Bornholm drives green on land
5. Housing: Bornholm links sustainability and housing with cultural identity
6. Food: Bornholm is the beacon for sustainable Danish food
7. Nature: Bornholm makes its natural wealth part of the bottom line
8. All with: When I'm on Bornholm, I'm part of Bright Green Island
八、联系方式
Mayor: Winni Grosbøll
Address: citizen service at the following five addresses:
Ÿ Landmark 26, Rønne
Ÿ Church Street 4, Hasle
Ÿ Source Source 20, Nexø
Ÿ School Road 7, Aakirkeby
Ÿ Strandvejen 14, Allinge
Telephone: 5692 0000
mail: post@brk.dk
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/bornholmsregionskommune
Website: https://www.brk.dk/