Ciudad del Carmen, Campeche 作者：  来源：  发布时间：2021-11-16

1.Population and Area

Pop: 169,466 (city)

Area: 153 km2 (island)

Elev: 2 masl

Ciudad del Carmen location in Mexico within the state of Campeche

https://goo.gl/maps/msDjKNUKDXeJSqub6

2. Natural geography

Nature and weather

Orography

El Carmen lacks mountainous systems, its surface is flat with slopes less than 0.3%, thus, the orography is made up of a plain slightly inclined from east to west, without significant elevations, which is why it is defined as a terrain of little deformation geographic.

The altitude ranges from one meter in the coastal region and increases as it enters the municipality, reaching a maximum height of 85 meters above sea level in the eastern part; the northwest zone, near the Laguna de Terminos, is the lowest part of the municipality, it has a height of 0 to 10 meters above sea level. Ciudad del Carmen has a height of 2 meters above sea level.

Hydrography

The Grijalva-Usumacinta hydrological region is located in the municipality, the most important hydrological system in the state that, due to its nature of rains, periods of drought and the topography of the land, maintains a regime of slightly irregular currents throughout the year, registering the highest flows in the rainy season of summer and autumn, which decrease in winter and spring.

Most of the most important rivers in the state are located in this region, these are the Chumpan and Mamantel.

The Chumpan river, with an approximate length of 60 km., Has its origin in an area near the Usumacinta river, its main tributaries are the San Joaquín and la Piedad streams and the Salsipuedes river, it empties into the Term Lagoon through the mouth of Balchacah, its annual volume of runoff is 298 million cubic meters.

The Mamantel River has a length of 45 km, runs from east to west over limestone formations and empties into the Laguna de Terminos through the mouth of Pargos, after crossing the Laguna de Paulau. Its average annual volume of runoff is 139 million cubic meters. Its width is 250 meters in its low course, 40 to 50 meters in its high course and has a depth of 10 meters. It takes its name from the town of Mamantel and its tributaries are the streams of Cheneil, Montaraz and Xothukan.

The rivers of less importance are: San Pedro and San Pablo, Piña de Vapor, Chivoha Chico and Chivoha Grande.

The San Pedro and San Pablo River is the only one in the municipality that flows into the Gulf of Mexico. It is a tributary of the Usumacinta River and serves as the border between the states of Campeche and Tabasco.

The lagoons that stand out in the municipality are: Pom, Panlao, Balchacah, Atasta and de Terminos. Of these, Laguna de Terms stands out, a coastal saltwater lagoon that has a surface area of 160 thousand hectares of which, at present, 705,016 are considered a protection area for the flora and fauna of the region.

There are estuaries such as Sabancuy, whose mouth, in the Laguna de Terminos, gives rise to the formation of Isla Aguada.

The most important streams in the area are: La Caleta, Arroyo Grande, De los Francesa and Caracol, located in Ciudad del Carmen.

Flora and fauna

The characteristic flora corresponds to the following species: red mangrove (Rhizophora mangle), black mangrove (Avicennia germinans), white mangrove (Laguncularia racemosa) and buttonwood (Conocarpus erectus), all of them considered under special protection. Other species such as Bletia purpurea, Bravaisia integerrima and B. tubiflora have threatened status and Habenaria bractescens is in danger of extinction according to the Official Mexican Norm 059 of Ecology of the year 2001, which lists the species considered in some category of threat. that the mangroves around the Laguna de Terminos receive at least 33 of the population of migratory birds that follow the Mississippi route. In addition, mangroves are recognized as good soil fixers. Seagrasses are mainly formed by large Thalassia testudinum meadows in some of the river-lagoon systems, and Ruppia maritima has been found in the interior of the Candelaria-Panlau system. An important point of the flora of the lagoon are the coastal dunes that are found in its northern limit of geographical distribution, some species present are Coccoloba humboldtii, Schizachyrium scoparium var. Littoralis and Panicum gouini. The terrestrial and aquatic fauna is represented by at least 1,468 species, of these 30 are endemic to the country, among them are amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals. About 89 are reported to be of some degree of threat and 132 are commercially important. In the Laguna de Terminos, a large part of the fauna is semitropical Caribbean, and for some species of South America it represents its northern limit, as well as several nearctic species such as the white-tailed deer and several rodents.

https://www.ecured.cu/Tuxtla_Guti%C3%A9rrez_(M%C3%A9xico)

https://www.mexicotravelclub.com/laguna-de-terminos-en-ciudad-del-carmen-campeche

Köppen Classification: Tropical Savanna Climate

Tropical savanna climates have monthly mean temperature above 18°C (64°F) in every month of the year and typically a pronounced dry season, with the driest month having precipitation less than 60mm (2.36 in) of precipitation. In essence, a tropical savanna climate tends to either see less rainfall than a tropical monsoon climate or have more pronounced dry seasons than a tropical monsoon climate. Tropical savanna climates are most commonly found in Africa, Asia and South America. The climate is also prevalent in sections of Central America, northern Australia and North America, specifically in sections of Mexico and the state of Florida in the United States.

The Köppen Climate Classification subtype for this climate is "As". (Tropical Savanna Climate).

The average temperature for the year in Ciudad del Carmen is 80.1°F (26.7°C). The warmest month, on average, is May with an average temperature of 84.9°F (29.4°C). The coolest month on average is January, with an average temperature of 73.6°F (23.1°C).

The highest recorded temperature in Ciudad del Carmen is 104.9°F (40.5°C), which was recorded in May. The lowest recorded temperature in Ciudad del Carmen is 50.0°F (10°C), which was recorded in January.

The average amount of precipitation for the year in Ciudad del Carmen is 50.0" (1270 mm). The month with the most precipitation on average is September with 9.1" (231.1 mm) of precipitation. The month with the least precipitation on average is March with an average of 0.8" (20.3 mm). In terms of liquid precipitation, there are an average of 96.2 days of rain, with the most rain occurring in July with 14.3 days of rain, and the least rain occurring in April with 2.3 days of rain.

The highest recorded temperature in Tuxtla Gutiérrez is 107.6°F (42°C), which was recorded in March. The lowest recorded temperature in Tuxtla Gutiérrez is 44.8°F (7.1°C), which was recorded in January.

The average amount of precipitation for the year in Tuxtla Gutiérrez is 37.6" (955 mm). The month with the most precipitation on average is June with 8.6" (218.4 mm) of precipitation. The month with the least precipitation on average is January with an average of 0.0" (0 mm). In terms of liquid precipitation, there are an average of 93.3 days of rain, with the most rain occurring in September with 18.1 days of rain, and the least rain occurring in February with 0.6 days of rain.

https://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=184767&cityname=Ciudad+del+Carmen%2C+Campeche%2C+Mexico&units=

Getting there and around

Get there

By air – The quickest way to get from Mexico City to Ciudad del Carmen is to fly which costs $900 - $3400 and takes 2h 51m, including transfers. Ciudad del Carmen International Airport (CME) has daily flights to Houston in addition to other Mexican cities such as Mexico City, Cancun, and Guadalajara. Interjet and Aeroméxico offer flights from Mexico City Airport to Ciudad Del Carmen Airport. The quickest flight from Mexico City Airport to Ciudad Del Carmen Airport is the direct flight which takes 1h 30m.

By car – The distance between Mexico City and Ciudad del Carmen is 772 km. The road distance is 923.8 km. Highway 180 connects to Villahermosa to the west and Campeche to the north east. Driving to Ciudad del Carmen takes 11h 45m, approx.

By bus – The cheapest way to get from Mexico City to Ciudad del Carmen is to bus which costs $1000 - $1900 and takes 16h 41m. Ciudad del Carmen is accessible from a number of cities through the ADO bus line. First-class fares to Cancun are 570 pesos, and fares to Campeche are 168 pesos.

https://wikitravel.org/en/Ciudad_del_Carmen

https://www.rome2rio.com/s/Mexico-City/Ciudad-del-Carmen

Car Rental – To explore Mexico’s provincial towns and cities—including its beach locations and the scenery and attractions near them— consider renting a car for your visit. Having your own car will give you more flexibility than using public transport options and, in some cases, offer you access to places which are otherwise difficult to visit without the use of a car.

COVID19 – International entry into Mexico from United States

Allowed for: All visitors arriving by air. Mexico land borders are closed to non-essential travel

Restricted for: There are no current restrictions.

Get around

Local Buses – Local buses and mini-buses (combis or micros) are available locally for a fraction of the cost of a taxi around town. You need to speak Spanish to be able to ask for directions or ask the driver to tell you where to get off.

Taxis – Taxis in most of Mexico’s towns and cities are not metered, so agree your price before you get in. Taxi travel is very affordable in Mexico, in comparison to the USA, Canada and Europe, and so provides a viable means of public transportation in Mexico. Your hotel can arrange taxis for you; some post their rates on a board in the lobby; taxi hotel rates are usually higher than cabs you hail off the street. If you speak Spanish, you will have a distinct advantage and be able to negotiate a price with the driver.

Uber is expanding rapidly across Mexico and now offers services in cities across the country, including: Mexico City, Toluca, Cuernavaca, Puebla, Querétaro, León, Aguascalientes, San Luis Potosí, Guadalajara, Monterrey, Hermosillo, Tijuana, Mexicali, and Mérida. Uber has been adding Mexican cities to its network every year, check for availability when you arrive at your destination in Mexico.

Cabify and Didi are also developing and currently operate in cities including Mexico City, Toluca, Monterrey, Puebla, Querétaro and Tijuana. Check for availability in the city you are visiting.

These services offer people with smartphones a way to book a cab through a mobile app for a pre-agreed price. Fares are comparable with Sitio type cabs, and sometimes trade at a premium to this when local demand increases.

https://www.mexperience.com/transport/taxi-travel-in-mexico/#51

3. ECONOMY

GDP: 29,117 M MXN (2010)

https://imco.org.mx/ciudades2010/ciudades/59_Carmen.html

4. Industry characteristics

Its natural resources are listed in the first place, derived from the exploitation of dye stick and chewing gum, as well as shrimp fishing.

It should be said that the oil is extracted from the Campeche Sound, having Ciudad del Carmen as its main base of operations, which makes it a locality that provides complementary services for the exploration and production of crude oil developed by the parastatal company Petróleos Mexicanos (PEMEX), which has more than 100 maritime platforms in which approximately 5,000 people live.

Other activities that are practiced in the region are agriculture in the agricultural branch with the production of rice, vegetables, chili, banana, mango and coconut; the cattle ranch with the production of bovine cattle, due to the great extensions of land that are used for it; Another activity is mining where there is a mining company that is operating at different stages of the exploitation process.

Another sector that has contributed to the economic development of Ciudad del Carmen is industry, with more than 200 companies and professionals organized by business activity in categories such as industrial automation, air conditioning, food industry, engineering, energy providers, among others. National or international trade cannot be lacking.

http://www.municipios.mx/campeche/carmen

5. Attractions

Laguna de Términos

The name of Laguna de Términos is that the Spanish who discovered the Isla del Carmen in 1518 believed that the gap separating what was then believed was the island of Yucatan mainland. The lagoon is fed by rivers that contribute to the existence of an important and rich tropical ecosystem.

A resident of the Biosphere Reserve Centla Swamp, part of the country's largest watershed. It is a vast wetland where wetlands filter water. Is 70 km long and 40 wide.

Within the lagoon there are large mangrove forests, which constitute an effective barrier against flooding, and reduce the impact of weather such as hurricanes and tropical storms. In addition, the mangroves serves as a reservoir species, crustaceans and fish, and is a suitable site for nesting birds and reptiles.

It was declared a Protected Area of Flora and Fauna on June 6, 1994 and has an area of 705,016 hectares, making it one of the largest protected natural areas of Mexico. On February 2, 2004, this area joined the list of Ramsar sites.

http://english.realmexico.info/2011/09/laguna-de-terminos-campeche.html

Victoriano Nieves Céspedes (Museum of the City)

In a magnificent porfiriano building from the early nineteenth century until 1960, the building housing the museum served as a hospital, survived several crises (the hardest during the forties). In 1998 it opens its doors as a museum now where prehispanic pieces of the region and the pirates are exposed, and has a room for photography, painting and sculpture exhibitions.

In the center of the city is the Victoriano Nieves Céspedes Museum. In it, tourists can relive the mysterious Mayan past, as well as wonderful remains that pirates have left during their stay on the island. The tourist will be able to review the entire history of the city from pre-Hispanic times, when the islands were populated by the Mayan civilization, to the present day.

The Victoriano Nieves Céspedes museum or also popularly known as the "City Museum" has a room that is divided into 5 sections, among which tourists can see pieces from the pre-Hispanic period; from Montes y Ríos; from sea; of the pirates and a room in which photographic exhibits are exhibited as well as pictorial and sculptural works of art that narrate the feelings and perceptions of local artists.

Upon entering, tourists will make an unforgettable trip to the past, they will be able to feel very close to the customs and ways of life of the Mayan population and they will also feel part of epic battles and exciting pirate battles. One of the sections of the museum exhibits wonderful Mayan ceramics. In addition, tourists will be able to relive the expulsion of the English pirates and the founding of the city. This site is ideal for those tourists who want to know the mysterious legends that this civilization shared. The most striking thing about the site is a ship that is in one of the exhibition rooms, to think that it was used so many years ago is an impressive experience. In addition to all this great historical and cultural heritage, the site is designed to be visited by the whole family since, in addition to the aforementioned rooms, it has a children's play room so that children can have fun while parents make the tour of the installations.

https://www.zonaturistica.com/en/things-to-do/campeche/ciudad-del-carmen/museum-victoriano-nieves-cespedes-museum-of-the-city

https://viajandoxmexico.wordpress.com/2012/07/10/museo-victoriano-nieves-cespedes

Puerto Real

Located in the northern part of Ciudad del Carmen, Campeche, is the paradise called Puerto Real, of which almost no one has probably heard. This beach is totally away from the hustle and bustle of the City and local tourists consider it a peaceful refuge where the landscape and the sounds of nature are the main attraction.

Puerto Real is the perfect place to practice snorkeling. If you like to explore what is under the sea in this place there is a great abundance and variety of fish and marine plants. Its flora and fauna are simply magnificent.

Now that if you prefer something calmer, you can only swim and if you have good luck, you will be able to appreciate the odd dolphin jumping on the surface of the sea. Without a doubt, it is a show worth seeing.

You can also cross over to Isla Pájaros, which is located right in front of the beach and observe hundreds of birds that come to this place to take refuge and nest. You will be able to see a great variety of species that only inhabit this environment.

What you definitely cannot miss is a sunset from Punta Real, since in addition to the view, you will find yourself in the middle of total stillness, surrounded by an incredibly beautiful natural landscape.

https://descubro.mx/puerto-real-en-ciudad-del-carmen

10 lugares que tienes que visitar en ciudad del Carmen.

https://youtu.be/qSvsiD0VbCk

6. History

Founded in the pre-Hispanic era, Ciudad del Carmen was an important location which served to connect the Aztec and Mayan civilizations. Between the 16th and 18th centuries when the city of Campeche was a trade hub between Spain and New Spain (Mexico), Ciudad del Carmen was inhabited by pirates and served as a port for repairing ships and planning attacks against the Spanish. A 1699 map of the Bay of Campeche indicates Isla del Carmen as two islands: Tieste I and Port Royal I. On the opposite side of the lagoon there is a waterway marked as Logwood Creek; this indicates that the residents were probably English and logging was another of their activities.

The city got its current name on July 16, 1717, in honor of the Virgin of Carmen, believed to be the protector of the island, when the Spanish forces, commanded by Alonso Felipe de Andrade evicted the pirates from the island and took control the city after a long period of occupation. Since then, every year at the end of July, Ciudad del Carmen turns into the very center of the regional social, cultural and religious festivities, on the fair that celebrates the island's protector virgin.

Colonization

The Isla del Carmen and its surrounding places were found on the discovery route. By 1518 the island was inhabited by indigenous people of Mayan origin, by migrations of Toltec, Zapotec and Xutian tutul groups, conquerors of Xicalango. At the end of May of that same year, the Spaniards arrived aboard four ships at the desired port - Puerto Real or Isla Aguada. At the head of that expedition was Juan de Grijalva and, as an experienced pilot, Antón or Antonio de Alaminos, a navigation man who, to the recorder in his heading letters the Island of Trs (then for making reading difficult in the sea letters are added the letter "i" remaining as tris), from Terms, gave a sense that was the limit of the land discovered by them, although they also considered that there ended the great island they believed was Yucatán. The abbreviation Tris became usual in maps and navigation charts, giving birth to a memorable place for future events, since the colonization of the island was only made years later of the Spanish foundation of San Pedro de Champotón in 1537 and San Francisco de Campeche in 1540. After these initial moments of the Colony, it was pirates who arrived in 1558 to take refuge, first, after taking advantage of the natural resources of the Island of Terms.

Captured as a safe haven and converted into a base for different attacks by sea and land, the Tris Island seems to be destined to fulfill the functions played by Jamaica, in the power of the English since 1655, or the Tortuga Island, which the French dominated, that is to say, port of provisioning of the corsair ships. Laguna or Isla del Carmen has, along with the territorial portion, a unique history for different reasons, among them, that the Spaniards discovered but did not conquer or colonize it; while the pirates made it a den and residence while fighting for neighboring lands and populating other places in the region. Its formal Spanish surgical colonization almost two centuries after the trip of Hernández de Córdoba (Francisco Hernández de Córdoba) and Grijalva to these places. Consequently, the buccaneers sat in that region their reals, and when they did not attack the commercial controls that passed near the place, they dedicated themselves to cutting the dye stick to send it to Europe. They were men of great physical strength, confirmed that the work they carried out, however criminal it was and effectively productive, is carried out in extremely difficult conditions, since the temperatures they supported in the jungle or along rivers and swamps exceeded 35 degrees, In addition to the humidity and the high number of insects, without neglecting the wide variety of vipers and arachnids.

Another historical explanation about the late colonization of the island was its location: in the most hidden area of the Gulf of Mexico, on the border with the indigenous Mayan and Tabscoobs tribes, and immediately to the isthmic region of Tehuantepec, together with its extraordinary timber wealth, but, for that reason, safe refuge of the lowlands that are dedicated to its traffic, reason why always it is constituted in object of ambition of other countries.

The problems of the Europe of America Colony remained on the mainland, with a slow and difficult colonization. Progress was made so slowly that, for example, on September 4, 1663, during the provincial government of Francisco Esquivel and de la Rosa, governor and captain general of Yucatán, came news that Tris Island was held by the pirates, who at that time already exploited, with great utilities, the dye stick.

First expedition (1672)

Two decades had to pass for something to be done about it: on August 14, 1672, a decision was made and a first expedition to the island left the port of Veracruz with the intention of throwing the pirates who had possessed it into the sea; however, in October 1673, the expedition returned with the news of not being able to evict them.

Second expedition (1680)

The stumbling blocks, with the discouragement capacity, did not fall into oblivion, and in the year 1680, the mayor of San Francisco de Campeche, Felipe González de la Barrera, put into operation what we can call the second expedition, which then fixed the mature port and reached Laguna, where rooms, houses, and dyewood were set on fire. The expulsion was temporary, however, because when the soldiers concentrated on the square from which they had left, the pirates returned to their inhabited tasks. However, the fact was considered so remarkable that the king granted the mayor the noble title of Count de la Laguna.

Third expedition (1703)

The characteristics of the region at that time were not hospitable, and that is what I add the distance, what normally covered by water, and what required months and months to go from one place to another. In addition, the settlement of the peninsula passed slowly, and it took a little over two decades to send a third expedition to remove the pirates from the Lagoon. At the end of the seventeenth century there are about 600 people organized in Terms and Puerto Real, from 1686 to a considerable number of pirates returned to the island, restarting the harassment of Tabasco villages and taking out the Usumacinta. The Spaniards took over the initiative and Viceroy Gálvez supported the provinces of Tabasco and Yucatán, which in 1690 reconquered the place, but did not settle. Also, the viceroy sent engineer Jaime Frank to study the possibility of fortifying the island; but this one thought that it was not convenient, since when there were several entrances to the island, the opposites could surprise the soldiers and fortify. It is Captain Francisco Fernández who overcomes pirate resistance around the years 1703–1704 with a coast guard, six canoes and 184 well-equipped and armed men. He arrested a hundred English outlaws and nine blacks, and destroyed facilities and boats, seized a small urca loaded with dye stick, a British-built patache with 800 quintals of Campeche stick, a Spanish brig, stolen before by pirates and another built in San Román; the victorious expeditionaries of a sloop, half a hundred canoes, useful for different movements also took over; good amount of rigging and miles of quintals of the stick already cut and ready to embark, but withdrew from the place due to lack of financial support. They made nothing despicable prisoners, like Isaac Hamilton, a London Jew whose mission was to ship the dye bound for New England; William Haven, a native of Jamaica, and John Elliot, a Londoner enlisted in Jamaica in the ranks of piracy. Booty and prisoners were transferred to San Francisco de Campeche, and the last ones sent to the capital of New Spain.

As the continuous pirate attacks, the Spanish authorities decided to organize an eviction of the pirates stationed on the island of Tris. This incursion is carried out in the month of May 1704, for which, the Viceroy sent the Mayor of Tabasco the order to incorporate the Laguna de Términos to carry out an attack along with Campeche forces. The Mayor of Tabasco Mayor, Alonso Felipe de Andrade, affected and personally controlled by 200 men and 14 canoes towards the Laguna de Términos. Andrade discovered fourteen pirate campaigns and after facing them, captured several pirates and artillery pieces that led to Tabasco after having stayed more than a month in the lagoon of Terms, entrances and exits to land and sea demarcated making a map.

Fourth expedition (1707)

Several years have to pass again so that in 1707 — fourth attempt — the governor of Tabasco, Pedro Mier y Terán, sending forces to remove the pirates from the island. They succeed, but the circumstances are repeated: when leaving the place, the pirates return. It was the time when Barbillas settled on the island and from there captured ships and dismantled wineries of other ships. That is, as long as a group of inhabitants was not established, the region would change possession with relative ease.

Fifth expedition (1716)

The English ships were seen returning in 1710, and on their way they sank a coast guard. It became impossible to admit eventualities in the matter of the lagoon of Terms, in such a way that the mayor of Tabasco, Juan Francisco Medina y Cachón, proposed an eviction strategy in which ships from the Windward Navy, based in Veracruz, and the naval forces of Tabasco and San Francisco de Campeche. Those chosen in San Francisco de Campeche for the expedition were: the frigate Nuestra Señora de la Soledad, owned by Mayor Ángel Rodríguez de la Gala; the frigate of Andrés Benito, the sloop of Sebastián García, two coast guard and several canoes for the service of the containers. Mérida, Tacotalpa de la Real Corona and San Francisco de Campeche contributed 7,945 pesos from their royal boxes for the purchase of groceries, war gear and boat cage Preliminary movements were in operation when they had to depend: they reached San Francisco de Campeche the sailor Agustín Toledo, received from Laguna, warning that three English frigates were on the island, one of them with 20 guns, another of 16 and the last with 10; In addition, two brigs without artillery were prepared to ask for help in Jamaica.

Finally, the Mayor of Tabasco, Graniel de Gil, ordered the attack, and the fifth expedition departed from Tabasco on December 7, 1716, under the command of Sergeant Major and former Rulers of Tabasco Mayor of Tabasco, Alonso Felipe de Andrade; the pirates were defeated again, but this time the triumphant Tabasco forces did not withdraw, but instead established a garrison on the island which they named "Fort of San Felipe". The eviction, says Calderón Quijano:

it is a glorious particular page of Spanish history in America. With notable numerical inferiority, carried out a naval attack against the English, achieving their almost total imprisonment and forcing them to lose the lost and the contraband, under extremely benevolent conditions.

Military post of El Carmen

After that victory, the rapid construction of a defense lurch began, which is the origin of the current Ciudad del Carmen. The prison or fort floor was built with simplicity; the plans indicated that the building was perfectly square and regular, and that it had bulwarks at its angles.

Shortly after, more than a hundred buccaneers wanted to retake the territory and returned with more troops and war supplies, and attacked the Tabasco troops by surprise on July 15, 1717 at night, but courageously were rejected, with the blunt response of "men, bullets and gunpowder enough to defend themselves." The pirates urged De Andrade to surrender and he replied: "Men have enough gunpowder to not deliver the square."

Sergeant Alonso Felipe de Andrade counterattacked, snatched a shrapnel cannon and engaged in a memorable battle. In the combat the sergeant major died Andrade of 50, which is in the center of the rush. The British pirates fled. Throughout the night, the locals continued to persecute those fleeing, at dawn July 16 of 1717, there was not a single pirate left alive on the island.

Final eviction of pirates

Finally, in 1786, the Mayor of Tabasco Francisco de Amuzquívar sent the militias of Tabasco, under the command of the captain Juan de Amestoy and the lieutenant Francisco Interiano, who defeat and evict the English from la Isla del Carmen,reintegrating the island to Tabasco and rebuilding the military post of 'Nuestra Señora del Carmen' thus ending the presence of pirates in the region.

Since then never again the buccaneers, who were in possession of the island for about 200 years, exploiting their resources and attacking Spanish ships and the Tabasco coasts, where they forced the colonial authorities to change twice the capital of the province of Tabasco, of Santa María de la Victoria to Villahermosa de San Juan Bautista in 1641, and from there to Tacotalpa of the Royal Crown in 1677. Undoubtedly, the expelled English are the ones who went to the opposite side - Belize - to continue their trade as smugglers and smugglers.

Dispute between Tabasco and Yucatán

Since the colonial era there was a dispute between Tabasco and Yucatán for the possession of the island of Carmen. In 1540 the Province of Tabasco had its greatest extension, since the "... boundary that separated Tabasco from Yucatán was after Sabancuy, and the first Yucatecan people was Tixel". Still in 1817 Tabasco owned the island of Carmen, Palizada and Sabancuy. However, the country's government did not have a clear idea of the geographical location of the island, to such an extent that Iturbide, by order of September 2, 1822, made El Carmen depend on the state of Puebla. But in 1823 the restored Mexican Congress wanting to correct this error, ordered to be reinstated in the jurisdiction of Tabasco "... adding the District of the Laguna de Términos" to the General Command of Tabasco Torruco Saravia (1987), p. 51 fact that was consumed when the Electoral Law for the elections of deputies to the Second Constituent Congress of the Nation was published on June 17, 1823. However, in August 1824, due to pressure from the Yucatán government, Carmen's territory was segregated from Tabasco to be incorporated into Yucatán.

In 1842, the governor of Tabasco Francisco de Sentmanat, decided to invade Yucatán and took Palizada and El Carmen, segregating them from the Yucatecan jurisdiction and reinstating them to the Department of Tabasco, however, when it was overthrown, the new governor José Julián Dueñas returned the territories to Yucatán A few months later, Tabasco recovered the territory of El Carmen, when General Santa Anna decreed, on October 2, 1843, the pass of the El Carmen party to the jurisdiction of Tabasco. However, on July 15, 1854 the same general Antonio López de Santa Anna decreed the creation of the Territory of Carmen, with territory segregated to Tabasco and Yucatán, with which Tabasco was snatched almost the entire game of Usumacinta and the island of Carmen.

Later, on June 4, 1856, the governor of Tabasco José Víctor Jiménez sent a letter to the Constituent Congress of the Nation, raising his voice to request that his old limits be returned to Tabasco, "... to demarcate and extend the current limits of Tabasco with the states of Chiapas, Yucatán and Veracruz". On September 17, 1856, with 77 votes in favor by 8 against, there was the dissolution of the Territory of Carmen, recovering Tabasco only the Usumacinta party, while the district of El Carmen was added to Yucatán, this resolution was embodied in the 1857 Constitution, with which Tabasco lost the territory of El Carmen.

Villa title

He was granted the title of villa by governmental provision of October 2, 1828, with his respective shield: a lion perched on the island that is eaten by the eagle; Around it bears the following legend: "La Laguna by Yucatán and both by the Mexican Republic".

In 1841, the town of Carmen was granted, by decree of October 26, the port height category because of the importance of its maritime trade. He also participated in national vicissitudes, struggles between federalists and centralists, and military conflicts. Following the fate of the peninsula, when they experience the split of the Mexican Republic in the 1840s, they chose separation and neutrality; in 1846, in the war against the United States, he followed the criteria that he had adopted on December 8 of that same year the City Hall of San Francisco de Campeche: without being oblivious to popular pressure, in a meeting he pronounced for a postponement of reinstatement until the national government is stable. The historian Bolivar points out that El Carmen was occupied by US forces, commanded by the Commodore Perry who made the line of the Parish; The state authorities contacted the occupation forces. According to Luis Ramírez Aznar, the political group of Santiago Méndez had established communication with Commodore Perry through a special shipment from José Robira, a man of Spanish nationality who had been raised in the United States and settled in Carmen; Méndez himself had visited the Commodore in the port of Veracruz. The neutrality of Yucatán was accepted on the condition of facilitating the occupation of Isla del Carmen (Campeche), which would be a US base in the region because of its importance. Robira presided over a popular meeting in which the neighbors asked Commodore Perry not to withdraw from the island when peace was signed between the United States and Mexico, until the Supreme Government was in a position to care for the security and defense of Carmen. This exhibition, signed on June 5, 1848, referred to the belligerence between the two countries, as well as the Caste War that had the peninsula in alarm:

Now that the war of the barbarians has made so much progress and that as a result of them an imminent immigration flows daily to this island, that this brings with it only the devouring hunger and the most regrettable indigence: the exponents beg continue the military occupation of this island, as long as the Mexican government can send forces to occupy and defend it, leaving the liquid products of customs revenues for the benefit of the hapless Yucatán Peninsula.

From 1848, due to the social war, the population of Carmen and Sabancuy increased; the Party would count 12,352 inhabitants in the year of 1852, added those established in Palizada. By the year 1849, there was already agricultural production by the course of Palizada, Cerillos and Atasta. The existence of trapiches allowed to process panela, sugar and brandy; rice, corn, cotton, and vegetables, onions, peanuts and sweet potatoes were grown, among others. The town of Carmen caught fire on the days of March 16 to 18, 1850. The guano of the roofs, the weather and the weakness of the buildings caused them to be swept by fire, a tragedy whose origin was suspicious. But the population survived and three years later it was planned with the impulse of the authority exercised by General Tomás Marín.

The fire left those who had been prosperous merchants in misery; An example is the disappearance of the Preciat and Gual company, which lost goods for 10,000 pesos and buildings that were calculated with a value of 30,000 pesos; or the MacGregor house, which disappeared when three buildings that cost 20,000 pesos were reduced to ashes; Domingo Trueba lost in merchandise and buildings 56,000 pesos. Others were fortunate not to lose all of their assets in the fire, and two of the most important dye stick marketers were saved: Benito Anizán and Victoriano Nieves. Esteban Paullada also saved his estate.

Territory of El Carmen

Shortly thereafter, in November 1853, only the region that comprised island was declared federal territory; subsequently, its jurisdiction was extended on July 15, 1854, extending from Punta Varaderos to the San Pedro and San Pablo river, on the coast. The City of San Francisco de Campeche, at the motion of the alderman Francisco Estrada Ojeda, agreed to recommend to the Superior Government of the peninsula to make every possible effort to return the Territory of Carmen to the state; the Yucatán government asked the Constituent Congress of 1856 for the restitution of that separate party and, after some discussions, the peninsular entity was reinstated with 77 votes in favor by 8 against, which resulted in the dissolution of the territory of Carmen , recovering Tabasco and Yucatán their respective territories.

A situation that paralyzed political concerns needs to be clarified; Justo Sierra O'Reilly dealt with the points on the items at the time, remembering that only the spirit of the party and interests drove that detachment, sponsored by the dictator Antonio López de Santa Anna, whose purposes were, during 27 months of his regime, split the great states of the nation to more easily impose the yoke and the influence of centralist power.

Because of the importance acquired and its marked development, the government of the president Comonfort decreed, on July 10, 1856, the title of city for Carmen, a fact that approved the Congress of the Union on September 17 of that same year. The population, before being part of the state, had already managed to integrate its personality: among the most characteristic neighborhoods were El Guanal, which was populated by families of Palizada, Atasta and San Francisco de Campeche; the del Jesús neighborhood, that of Tila, founded by Yucatecan families who came fleeing from the Caste War; La Puntilla, of fishermen; El Salitral, close to the stream of the French, and that of Fatima, just to name a few.

Status creation

The conflict in the Yucatán Peninsula, between the politicians Méndez and Barbachano, continued, the caste war did the same.

Major difficulties in the peninsula were presented in 1857 due to irregularities in the election of the state governor, Pantaleón Barrera. Pablo García, who was then 33 years old and had been elected deputy, left the session room of the local Congress in Mérida in July, arguing falsehood of the electoral process. Immediately the uprisings began in different towns, mainly in the Campeche district, asking for new elections to be called; military forces persecuted the rebels, but placated some, others appeared. On the night of August 6, 1857, several Campechanos grouped around García and Pedro Baranda seized the bulwarks of Santiago and the Soledad in San Francisco de Campeche, as well as the artillery mastery. When the negotiations took place, they requested the dismissal of the Campeche City Council for its mendist affiliation, as well as that of the Customs administrator and other conditions that were not entirely justified. Shortly after, on August 9, Congress and Governor Pantaleón Barrera were unknown in the minutes of that date, due to lack of freedom in the elections. They stopped City Hall and named other people. Pablo García was appointed political and military chief, and began receiving accessions from other places in the district. García's actions to unify in August 1857 the decision of the break with Yucatán, were not easy and he had to exercise the authority he held. Consequently, on the 19th he addressed the political chief of El Carmen asking him not to prevent the free manifestation of the lagoons, of whom he had knowledge that they wished to adhere to his project. He warned him that in order to protect the free expression he had instructed Captain Andrés Cepeda Peraza to disembark in Las Pilas with the forces under his command and, approaching the population, give the inhabitants an opportunity to express their opinions. Days later, thanks to Nicolás Dorantes and Ávila, García learned that he had the support of the lagoons. The fact was not peaceful, since there were victims: Jerónimo Castillo and Santiago Brito, who had resisted García's objectives, died within the proclamation. Likewise, Pablo García separated José del Rosario Gil from the political headquarters of Carmen and sent José García y Poblaciones from Campeche, to whom he also granted the party's military command.

From August to December 1857 numerous populations adhered to the proclamation of García and Barrera left the government in the hands of Martín F. Peraza. For all these reasons, it was no accident that in April 1858 there was a majority consensus for the creation of the new state. On May 3, 1858, the Territorial Division Agreement was signed, which among other points stipulated the respective dividing line, obligations in the war against the natives, taxes and tariffs; It was published in San Francisco de Campeche with the solemnity of the case on May 15. Immediate consequence of the Agreement was the issuance of a four-point document whereby the Government Board of the District of Campeche and Isla del Carmen declared that it was willing to establish itself in a state, recognizing Pablo García as governor and establishing that the designation of commander would fall in Pedro Baranda; They also appointed a Governing Council that would be integrated with five members. The final decree of the creation of the new state was issued on April 29, 1863. The state was formed with one of the Yucatecan districts: that of Campeche (the others were Mérida, Tekax, Izamal and Valladolid), the district of Campeche was formed by the parties of Carmen, Champotón, Campeche, Hecelchakán and Bolonchenticul. The first governor was Mr. Pablo García y Montilla.

French intervention

The suspension of the payment of the external debt gave the opportunity to England, Spain and France to get, again, a hegemonic place in Mexico, and sent their fleets to demand payment, arriving at Veracruz in January 1862.

On February 12, at four in the afternoon, the French war steamer "Le Granade" anchored in the Bay of Carmen, with the excuse landed armaments in the month of May. The struggle between the adherents to the conservative cause and the faithful to the Republic of Juarez became manifest, a meeting of authorities and connoted persons was called and, after a vote, Carmen remained as a French colony, the liberals had Than exile from the city.

In San Francisco de Campeche forces were organized to reconquer the island, the troops of the intervention under the command of Don Pedro Pucurul arrived at Palizada and in San Joaquin they fought. Loyal Carmelites addressed a proclamation to the inhabitants of the island to resist and defend the homeland, among the first was Arturo Shields. In Carmen, nature came to the rescue and the crew of "La Granade" died, in its entirety, of yellow fever, the only one who was saved was Captain Hoquart.

Campeche was the last bulwark of the liberals in the peninsula and after violent fighting they were dominated by the imperialist forces, giving the arrival to the country of Maximilian and Carlota. At the end of 1865, the Empress made a trip to the peninsula arriving at Carmen on December 17 aboard the Tabasco steam.

In early 1866, Pablo Gracia and other loyal Campechens returned to Carmen, entering Tabasco, to reorganize the release of Campeche. On April 23, 1867, the liberal forces, under the command of Don Juan Carbo, and the fleet, under the command of Vicente Campan, entered Carmen to take the place, upon obtaining it they were handed over by the political prefect of the territory José María Ponce.

The state began the path of progress, a statistical report of March 1871 indicated that they had exported to Europe, in the 1861-1870s, the figure of 4 million 650 thousand 139 quintals of dye stick.

Every day there were more than 25 ships of different nationalities docked at the docks and many others were waiting to dock. The dye stick extract plant was established with Belgian and French capital and the first electric current generator for lighting in the country was installed there, it was the year 1874.

The Revolution

Obeying an economic trend, guided by the transition of land to private individuals, the Porfirio Díaz government handed over large concessions to foreign companies and connoted people in the region.

At the end of 1907, in El Carmen, two groups faced conflicting ideas, the one of friends of the Porfirian regime called "Club dos de Abril", who met at the pharmacy of Don Jesus Cervera, and the other called "The hornet" , who met in the pharmacy of Carlos González l.

On September 11, at the beginning of his campaign, Don Francisco I. Madero arrived by boat to Carmen from Tabasco, accompanied by his wife, Ms. Sara Pérez de Madero, from the graduates José María Pino Suárez and Serapio Rendón and other supporters and collaborators from Tabasco. At night there was a rally in Zaragoza square, where Mr. Pino Suárez, Mr. Rendón and Francisco I. Madero himself took the floor.

Once the power was reached in 1912, there was a great economic collapse, the dissatisfied against President Madero faced a frank struggle, the Porfiristas for their part, struggled to regain power, all these facts led the country to the Tragic Decade. In the state the governor Manuel Castilla Brito rebelled.

In July 1914, Victoriano Huerta's forces were in frank defeat, Venustiano Carranza became the head of the revolution. Among the officers of the Venustiano Carranza pre-constitutional army, came the young Joaquín Mucel Acereto, who had lived in Carmen since childhood and abandoned his engineering studies at the beginning of the movement. Colonel Mucel is sent as chief of arms and governor. With the arrival of Mucel, several young Carmelites decided to enlist in the army, among them, Ramón Arcovedo, Ramón Vadillo, Alfonso Rosiñol del Valle, Benjamin Pérez, Marcos Almeida and José Ruiz.

From shrimp to oil

Between 1946 and 1947, the inhabitants of the Isla del Carmen were looking for a way out of their economic crisis, according to data from Leriche, several were the projects that had in mind, from a great hotel until a factory of buttons, of all these projects the only one that was consummated was the installation of seafood packers. While these possibilities were being discussed on the island, domestic and foreign shrimp companies increased their presence on the coasts of Carmen, where the virgin pink shrimp banks of the Gulf were located.

Shrimp activity had an anarchic start, somewhat chaotic; however, it would mark Carmen's economy for the next 35 years. The benefits between this industry and those that preceded it, such as dye stick and precious wood, allowed the diversification of occupational activities in the region.

Oil platform near Ciudad del Carmen

The discovery of oil, by fisherman Rudesindo Cantarell in March 1971 off the coast of Carmen, meant a new stage in the life of the city and an element of great importance in the destiny of the country. Culture Sella Maris "The star of the sea" (in Latin 'Stella Maris') known as Statue of the Virgin of Carmen, is one of the most famous and visited monuments of 'Ciudad del Carmen'. It is located two hundred meters from the boardwalk within the waters of the Laguna de Términos. This sculpture was inaugurated on the night of July 15, 2014 by ecclesiastical authorities and the State and municipal government before more than 15 thousand people who packed the esplanade of the monumental horn and part of the city boardwalk. The monumental structure of the 'Virgen del Carmen' , one of the works sponsored by the former owner of Oceanography, Amado Yáñez Osuna. At the time, Amado Yáñez's company reported that it allocated close to 44 million pesos in the filling and construction of the base. But, after the company's crisis was revealed, the municipality asked the state Congress for a 40 million pesos item to conclude the works, which the legislature denied the request, so it is unknown where the remaining money came from the play.

Details of the work

More than 15 months it took the Mexican sculptor Sergio Andrés Peraza Ávila the realization of the sculpture in honor of the Virgen del Carmen 'Stella Maris' whose work of art the greatest in her artistic career has been the biggest challenge with more than 15 tons of bronze weight and 14 meters high, which keeps mystique and feeling in the process of its creation. To the sculptor in charge of the construction of the monument Stella Maris, he explained that it took more than 2 years to take the project to its culmination. He indicated that 4 workshops had to be created for the realization of the work of art, three mounted in a special way in Mexico City and one in Ciudad del Carmen near the Industrial Fishing Port, where the last details of the work were carried out of art. He interpreted some parts of the Stella Maris, such as the look of the image that he stares at the citizens when they begin their journey inside their facilities, just as he said that the creation of said sculpture had different challenges, as well as difficulties, so the wave that lies at the foot of the image, represents the storm that was had and the Virgin poses her foot in a delicate way to appease the waters.

The project completed in honor of the Virgen del Carmen, weighs 12 tons and measures 12 meters high, had a total consort of 70 million pesos of which Oceanography reported that it had allocated some 44 million pesos in the landfill and construction of the base.

Final stage of construction and assembly

This work was unveiled by Governor Fernando Ortega Bernés, the mayor of Ciudad del Carmen Enrique Iván González López and Bishop José Francisco González, within the framework of the Fiesta del Carmen celebrations. During the opening ceremony, the mayor explained that the image has a weight of 12 tons and a height of 12 meters, but seated at its base rises approximately 25 meters above sea level. In his speech, the state president described the night as "historic" and recalled that next year marks the 500th anniversary of the birth of the mestizo culture and the beginning of the evangelization process led by the Franciscans throughout the region.

7. Other Information: Occupation strategy of the Isla del Carmen

The planning approach established in the new Urban Director Program considers that:

Ciudad del Carmen is integrated into the natural area of Isla del Carmen, so it is necessary to strengthen the unity and harmonic relations between the city and its environment. In this sense, it will seek to promote the adequate development of the island complex that will ensure the patrimonial integrity of the island by promoting actions aimed at the conservation, protection and restoration of the natural environment, as well as the use of the building. According to the current conditions and the new planning instruments at the municipal and regional level, the areas previously considered as part of the urban system of cities of Carmen, can now be established as population centers that are part of a broader regional system.

In this way, Isla del Carmen is defined as the population center of Ciudad del Carmen and includes the urban area of the city with its reserve, Lagartera or Isla Media and Puerto Real. The city can be considered as an industrial and business tourism center, it will include the urban area and areas of economic activities such as services related to the exploitation of oil, but areas for economic activities will also be promoted parallel to that of Petroleum such as tourism and fishing; in the Lagartera or Media Island area, tourist use, fishing and activities related to these activities will prevail. On the other hand, Puerto Real will have a low intensity tourism development related to low impact tourism. Los programas que se consultaron en la elaboración del PDU fueron:

Plan for the Management of Flora and Fauna of the Laguna de Terminos developed in 1997.

Municipal Program of Ecological and Territorial Planning of Carmen, Campeche, in the process of elaboration.

Regional Program for Tourism Development of the Coastal Corridor, City of San Francisco de Campeche-Ciudad del Carmen, in process.

8.Contact Information

City Mayor: Óscar Román Rosas González

Contact number: +52 (381) 2870, ext.1101

Govt. Office Address: Calle 22, no. 91, entre 31 y 33, col. Centro, C.P. 24100, Cd. del Carmen, Campeche

Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/OscarRosasGlz

Twitter: https://twitter.com/OscarRosasGlz

Website: http://www.carmen.gob.mx

E-mail: oscarrosas@carmen.gob.mx